Cultivation methods vary depending on the environment and the type of bulb being grown. Here's a detailed guide to help you achieve optimal growth:
**1. Dryland Cultivation**
In dryland farming, bulbs are dug up annually, and small bulbs can be replanted immediately or during September to October. For single-bulb planting, spacing should be 6 cm x 25 cm or 6 cm x 15 cm. This method requires more space for conservation, with watering and fertilizing applied 2-3 times. Regular watering is not necessary. Single rows can be intercropped with other plants.
**2. Paddy Field Cultivation**
Paddy cultivation begins in August or September by plowing and flooding the land for 1–2 weeks. After draining, the soil is plowed again to a depth of at least 35 cm. Basal fertilization and squatting are applied. The bed width is 120 cm, height 40 cm, and furrow width around 35 cm. Water flow must be smooth. Sowing occurs from late September to October, with spacing varying based on bulb size—typically smaller spacing between plants and wider between rows. A 3-year-old bulb should be spaced 15 cm x 40 cm, while a 2-year-old one should be 12 cm x 35 cm. When planting, ensure the shoot is oriented so that the leaf surface is parallel to the furrow once the leaves emerge. Cover the bulb with 5–6 cm of soil, add decomposed manure, and water the furrows. Once the water has soaked through, drain it and cut the soil to cover the surface, making sure the edges are vertical. Place straw on top so that water rises along the straw, keeping the area moist. Before planting, bulbs are sterilized using a 100-fold dilution of 40% formalin for 5 minutes to prevent disease.
**3. Soilless Cultivation**
This modern technique involves growing bulbs in a tank 150 cm wide and 30–40 cm deep filled with sand, decomposed wood chips, or perlite. The nutrient solution must be balanced with a pH of 6–7. During early planting, apply fertilizer once or twice a week. During vigorous growth, increase to 2–3 times per week, and stop fertilizing after May.
**Bulb Castration**
To promote faster bulb growth and better flowering, 3-year-old bulbs must be "castrated" before planting. This involves mowing the plant 2–4 days prior. Remove the bulbs on both sides and peel off the outer layers. Hold the bulb in your left hand and turn the plate outward. Use a sharp thin knife to cut diagonally from the stem down to the base, cutting 7–8 layers of scales and removing axillary buds without damaging the main bud. After castration, the cut will exude white mucus, which should be dried in a cool, ventilated place before planting.
**Fertilization**
Base fertilizer is essential. Apply additional fertilizer every 7–15 days depending on bulb size. Start with diluted human urine mixed with a little urea, then add appropriate scale fertilizer later.
**Watering**
Sufficient water is crucial during the growing period. The roots and crown should remain submerged. Keep the bulbs moist, and maintain high humidity around the stems and leaves. Drain excess water during rainy seasons. For 3-year-old bulbs, use drip irrigation—water flows from one end and drains from the other, ensuring continuous moisture. Afterward, drain the field until the ground dries (before the summer solstice). Leave 0.5–1 cm of roots, remove the rest, and seal the bulbs with mud to prevent them from falling out. Once sealed, move the bulbs to dry ground, let them dry, and store them upside down in a cool, well-ventilated room.
**Breeding Methods**
**1. Side Bulb Propagation**
This is the most common method. Side bulbs grow on the sides of the main bulb and are easily separated in autumn. They are planted separately and produce new bulbs the following year.
**2. Lateral Bud Reproduction**
Lateral buds are found inside the bulb. By retaining the main bud and removing the axillary buds, nutrients are concentrated, allowing the main bud to develop into a new bulb. These buds are removed along with the scales and sown in a nursery bed in the fall, producing new bulbs the next year.
**3. Double Scale Propagation**
This method uses bulbs with two scales. Store the bulbs at 4–10°C for 4–8 weeks, then cut them at room temperature, ensuring each piece has two scales. Cut the top of the scales to leave 2 cm. Place the material in a plastic bag with 50% sand and water, keep it in a dark, warm place (20–28°C), and allow the bulbs to grow for 2–3 months. This method can be done year-round but is best from April to September. It has an 80–90% propagation rate and an 80–100% survival rate after transplanting.
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