To ensure the healthy growth of winter wheat, it's essential to select cold-resistant local varieties such as Lumai 21, Lumai 22, Yumai 34, Yumai 50, Jinmai 51, and Jinmai 53. These varieties are well-suited for colder climates and can better withstand temperature fluctuations. When sowing, the depth should be maintained between 3 to 5 cm to ensure proper germination and root development.
Applying top-dressing before sowing is crucial for strengthening the wheat plants. A balanced mix of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be used to support plant growth and enhance cold resistance. Phosphorus, in particular, plays a vital role in promoting strong root development, improving nutrient uptake, and helping the plants better endure low temperatures.
Winter irrigation is another important practice. The timing depends on several factors: when the average daily temperature reaches 3°C to 8°C, or when soil moisture levels fall below certain thresholds—60% for sandy soils, 70% for loam, and 80% for clay. It’s also important to assess the condition of the seedlings. If they are healthy and not overly vigorous, watering can be delayed or avoided to prevent excessive growth. For late-sown wheat with weak roots, careful watering is necessary to support growth without overwatering.
Covering the fields with manure after the wheat enters its dormant phase helps protect against cold. This practice, known as "warm ditch manure," insulates the soil, retains heat, and provides additional nutrients. The layer should be about 3 cm thick around the tiller zone. In spring, the manure should be removed promptly to encourage regreening. This process should be done within 10 days after the wheat stops growing.
Cultivation during winter is also beneficial. It helps control weeds, improves soil aeration, and prevents drought and frost damage. Especially in clay soils, timely cultivation combined with winter irrigation is critical. For late-planted wheat, early and frequent cultivation can help warm the soil and promote growth. In dry hilly areas, plowing and pressing the soil can improve root development and increase cold tolerance. However, this should be avoided in saline, sandy, or wet soils to prevent further damage.
During the winter months, applying human waste (urine) to the wheat ridges can provide additional nitrogen and protect against freezing. A typical application rate is 500 to 800 kg per 667 square meters. However, this method should not be used in saline areas, as it may worsen salinity. Also, avoid applying urine when there is snow or frost, as it can lower the temperature and harm the seedlings.
Smoke generation is an effective technique to prevent frost. On nights when frost is expected, burning materials to create smoke reduces heat loss from the ground and raises the temperature slightly, protecting the wheat from freezing.
If wheat is already damaged by frost, spraying a 0.3% to 0.5% solution of chlormequat can help reduce further damage by inhibiting excessive plant growth.
In early spring, if the topsoil is dry and more than 3 cm thick, supplemental irrigation is needed to reduce frost damage and improve survival rates of the seedlings.
For wheat that has been frozen, it's important to water the affected areas immediately to save the young ears. If the ears have already been damaged, applying 10–13 kg of ammonium nitrate or 20–30 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per 667 square meters, along with watering and cultivating the soil, can help the plants recover faster.
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