To ensure the healthy growth of winter wheat, it is essential to select cold-resistant local varieties such as Lumai 21, Lumai 22, Yumai 34, Yumai 50, Jinmai 51, and Jinmai 53. These varieties are well-suited for colder climates and can withstand low temperatures effectively. When sowing, the depth should be maintained between 3 to 5 cm to ensure proper germination and root development.
Applying top dressing before sowing is crucial for strengthening the wheat plants. It helps in building up the plant's resistance to cold weather. A balanced mix of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be used. Phosphorus plays a particularly important role in promoting root development, improving nutrient and water uptake, and enhancing the plant’s ability to resist cold stress.
Winter irrigation is another key practice. The timing depends on temperature—start watering when the daily average temperature reaches 3°C to 8°C. Soil type also matters: sandy soils need watering when moisture drops below 60%, loam below 70%, and clay below 80%. Monitor the seedlings too; if they are vigorous, you may delay or skip watering to avoid excessive growth. For late-sown wheat, which has shorter growing time before winter, watering should be done only if the soil is still moist enough to support root establishment.
Covering the fields with manure after winter sets in helps protect the wheat from frost. Applying a layer of manure along the ridges (known as "warm ditch manure") provides insulation, increases soil temperature, and adds nutrients. This is especially important in areas with insufficient manure, shallow sowing, sandy soils, or weak winter crops. The manure should be about 3 cm thick around the tiller area. In spring, clear the soil and ridge to encourage green regrowth. Apply manure within 10 days after the wheat stops growing.
Cultivation during winter is also beneficial. It helps prevent drought and reduces the risk of freezing damage. Timely cultivation, especially in clay soils, improves soil structure and warms the field. For late-planted wheat, more frequent cultivation can help raise soil temperature. In dry hill areas, plowing and pressing the soil can improve root contact with the soil, thereby enhancing cold resistance. However, avoid pressing in saline, sandy, or wet areas to prevent further damage.
During the winter, applying diluted human waste directly into the wheat rows from early winter to the vernal equinox can provide both anti-freeze benefits and nitrogen. Typically, 500 to 800 kg per 667 square meters is recommended. However, avoid using this method on saline soils or when there is snow or frost, as it could lower temperatures and harm the plants.
Smoking is an effective technique to prevent frost. On nights when frost is expected, burning materials to create smoke reduces heat loss from the ground, helping to keep the temperature above freezing.
If wheat is damaged by freezing, spraying the plants with a 0.3% to 0.5% chlormequat solution can help reduce further damage by slowing plant growth.
In early spring, if the dry soil layer is more than 3 cm thick, supplemental watering is necessary to reduce frost injury and plant death. After a freeze, water the affected areas promptly to save young ears that have not been fully frozen. For fields where young ears have been damaged, apply 10–13 kg of ammonium nitrate or 20–30 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per 667 square meters, combined with watering and loosening the soil to help the wheat recover quickly.
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