Sunburn damage in fruit crops is a common issue that affects both the appearance and quality of the produce. When fruit particles are exposed to excessive sunlight, they develop light brown, round spots on the surface. These spots often have unclear boundaries and may initially cause the fruit skin to shrink before gradually sagging. In severe cases, the affected fruit can become completely dried out. Additionally, young shoots and tender tendrils that haven't fully hardened can also suffer from sunburn, leading to leaf tip wilting or drooping.
The occurrence of sunburn typically happens between mid-June and early July, during the period when fruits are coloring and ripening. It mostly affects fruits that are directly exposed to sunlight. The primary cause is water deficiency in the tree, especially when the root system is unable to supply enough moisture to the fruit. When the roots absorb insufficient water but the leaves continue to lose a lot through evaporation, it leads to an imbalance in the fruit's moisture content, resulting in sunburn. Root damage or burning, such as from over-fertilization or soil compaction, can also contribute to this problem. Larger-fruited varieties are more susceptible to sunburn due to their higher exposure and less natural shade.
In some cases, sunspots may appear on shoots and fruits when the plants are moved, pruned, or trained, especially if there's a sudden rise in temperature. This makes proper vine management and timely pruning essential for reducing sunburn risk.
To manage sunburn effectively, it's important to improve cultivation practices. Deep fertilization should be applied appropriately to encourage deeper root development, which helps strengthen the tree and enhance its resistance to environmental stress. Planting at the right density and using trellis systems can help keep the fruit clusters in shaded areas, reducing direct sun exposure. It's also crucial to avoid waterlogging and over-fertilization, as these can weaken the root system.
During periods of high temperatures, timely and sufficient irrigation is necessary to maintain plant hydration and reduce internal temperatures. Spraying the leaves and fruits with solutions like 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 5% wood ash leachate, or 27% high-fat film emulsion diluted 80–100 times can provide a protective effect. Applying these treatments 2–3 times during hot, post-rainy weather can significantly reduce the likelihood of sunburn. Implementing these strategies ensures better fruit quality and healthier plant growth.
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