Petunia, originally from South America, is a low-growing plant, typically between 20 cm and 40 cm tall. Despite its name resembling a cow's face, it is not related to morning glory. Petunia belongs to the Solanaceae family, while morning glory is part of the Convolvulaceae family. Petunia has an upright stem covered with sticky hairs, and its leaves are alternate, sometimes slightly opposite when young. The flowers grow singly in the leaf axils or at the top, with a funnel-shaped corolla. Petunias come in a wide range of colors including red, purple, pink, orange, blue, white, and more, making them very attractive. They bloom from April to November, and if kept above 15°C during winter, they can flower all year round.
Petunias are ideal for flower beds or potted plants on balconies and windowsills. When growing petunias at home, choose transparent pots that are slightly larger, with a diameter of 20–30 cm. Use earthenware pots for better drainage, and place two or three plants per pot. A layer of crushed charcoal or foam blocks at the bottom improves air circulation and prevents root rot. You can also use hanging pots for a decorative touch. The soil should be slightly acidic, well-draining, and rich in organic matter. A mix of peat, garden soil, and sand or perlite in a 5:4:1 ratio works well, with a pH between 5.8 and 6.2. Avoid soils with high pH, as it can lead to yellowing leaves due to iron deficiency.
Reproduction is easy through seeds or cuttings. Sow seeds in spring or autumn, mixing them with fine soil before sowing. Cover with glass or plastic and keep in a semi-shaded area. Germination occurs within a week at 18–24°C. After seedlings reach 2 cm, transplant them into pots. Pinch back the tips to encourage branching, and repeat this process to create a compact, bushy plant. Cuttings can be taken from pruned branches, planted in moist soil, and placed in a shaded area. Rooting takes about 10–15 days in spring and autumn, but is less successful in summer. Winter cuttings need protection with plastic covers.
Water moderately, keeping the soil slightly moist but avoiding waterlogging. In northern regions, add a small amount of ferrous sulfate to the water to prevent alkaline buildup. Petunias like fertilizer, but too much nitrogen can lead to leggy growth. Apply a diluted nitrogen fertilizer during the seedling stage, then switch to NPK during flowering. A monthly spray of potassium dihydrogen phosphate helps promote more blooms and vibrant colors. No fertilizer is needed in winter.
Petunias thrive in full sun and prefer temperatures between 15°C and 25°C. During hot summer afternoons, provide some shade if temperatures exceed 34°C. In winter, bring them indoors to sunny south- or west-facing windows, maintaining a temperature above 2°C. If the temperature stays above 10°C, they can continue growing, and above 15°C, they will bloom. Before moving them outside in spring, prune the soil and apply a light fertilizer to restore their vitality. After two winters, old plants may lose vigor; replace them with new seedlings grown in spring or autumn.
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