In the production of broiler breeder chickens, cloacitis is a common health issue caused by various factors such as environmental stress, nutritional imbalances, diseases, and human-related influences. This condition is more prevalent in caged broiler breeders, especially in hens, which tend to have more body hair compared to roosters. Affected birds often exhibit symptoms like lethargy, reduced feed intake, cyanosis, inflammation and swelling of the cloacal mucosa, erosion, blood clots around the cloaca, and skin bruising. If not addressed promptly, this disease can significantly reduce the survival rate of the flock. The following are some effective prevention and control measures that should be implemented.
Maintaining proper hygiene in poultry houses is crucial. High stocking density can lead to poor air quality, so it's important to ensure good ventilation to reduce the impact of harmful gases. Regular removal of manure from the house is essential, along with keeping walkways clean and free of dust. Creating an optimal temperature and humidity environment for the birds is also necessary. Disinfection should be carried out 2–3 times per week, and daily cleaning of waterers and drinkers is required. Preventing feed contamination by feces is another key step. Reducing floor chickens as much as possible helps minimize disease spread. Additionally, dead birds must be disposed of safely to prevent the spread of pathogens.
Preventing bacterial infections, particularly those caused by E. coli and Salmonella, is vital. These pathogens are major contributors to cloacitis. During the breeding period, regular drug prophylaxis should be applied, and additional treatments should be given before the broiler breeders start laying eggs. Administering antibiotics such as neomycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and sulfonamides twice a month after the onset of production can help control these infections. It’s also important to minimize stressors that could trigger opportunistic E. coli infections. Proper feeding practices should be followed to avoid disrupting the gut microbiota and causing endogenous infections.
Providing balanced diets rich in vitamins A, D3, E, and B complex is essential for maintaining cloacal health. Deficiencies in vitamin B2, excessive calcium, or low levels of available phosphorus can lead to keratinization of the cloacal epithelium, resulting in inflammation. Therefore, when formulating feed, it's important to ensure adequate vitamin content and maintain a proper calcium-to-phosphorus ratio.
Mastering artificial insemination techniques is critical in preventing and managing this disease. Inseminators must take care to avoid contaminating semen with feces or urine during collection. They should correctly handle the bird’s vent, applying gentle pressure to avoid damaging the cloaca. The depth of insertion should be appropriate to prevent mechanical injury. All insemination equipment must be thoroughly disinfected to prevent E. coli infections. To further reduce the risk, adding 2000 IU of penicillin and streptomycin per milliliter of diluted semen can be beneficial.
For treatment, adding oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, and tilmicosin to feed and drinking water on a large scale is recommended. During the insemination period, administering 20,000 IU of gentamicin to each bird can help. For severely affected chickens, flushing the cloaca with a 0.1% potassium permanganate solution and applying chlortetracycline or tetracycline ointment is advised. Additionally, injecting 30–40 mg of kanamycin per kilogram of body weight once daily for three days can effectively manage the condition. Implementing these strategies can significantly improve flock health and productivity.
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