Today, green agriculture has emerged as a global trend in the development of farming. Promoting and utilizing microorganisms is not only an inevitable choice for China's agricultural progress but also a crucial step toward sustainable development. By harnessing the power of microbes, we can create a more environmentally friendly and efficient agricultural system that benefits both the ecosystem and human society.
Microorganisms are essential components of natural ecosystems, playing a vital role in maintaining balance. Their numbers and species remain relatively stable, and they continuously exchange matter and energy with their host. On one hand, the host provides nutrients and a suitable environment for microbial survival; on the other, microbes contribute to the host’s immunity, digestion, and overall health through processes like biological antagonism and vitamin synthesis. These mutually beneficial relationships form what is known as the normal flora, which together with the host and other microbes, creates a complex microbial ecosystem.
Due to their small size, microorganisms have a significantly larger surface area compared to other organisms. This allows them to interact extensively with their environment, acting as a vast platform for nutrient absorption, waste excretion, and environmental signal detection. As a result, they exhibit remarkable metabolic activity. Microbes are incredibly diverse in terms of nutrient sources and environmental adaptability, thriving even in extreme conditions where most life forms cannot survive. They play a critical role in breaking down pollutants and transforming them into less harmful substances. Their ability to produce specific degradative enzymes enables them to adapt and respond to various contaminants in the environment.
The stability of the intestinal microbiota depends on both the host and the microbes themselves. The food residue from the host provides nutrients that support bacterial growth, while the large surface area of the intestinal mucosa offers ample space for microbial colonization. However, harmful substances such as toxins and antibiotics can disrupt this balance. Additionally, factors like intestinal peristalsis, gastric acid, and bile influence microbial populations by either removing or inhibiting certain bacteria. To survive these challenges, gut microbes must reproduce rapidly and colonize effectively, ensuring their persistence in the digestive tract.
Through competition for nutrients and space, microbial communities regulate their own diversity and abundance. Those that thrive become part of the stable gut flora, providing essential physiological functions to the host. One key function is the breakdown of complex food molecules into simpler forms that the body can absorb. For example, gut microbes secrete enzymes like cellulase, proteases, and lipases, which help digest difficult-to-absorb substances. In ruminants, this process is especially important, as they rely on microbial enzymes to break down cellulose and convert it into usable sugars.
Another vital role of gut microbes is the production of essential nutrients. During their metabolic activities, they synthesize various physiologically active compounds, including amino acids and vitamins, which the host can directly absorb and utilize. Imbalances in the gut microbiome can lead to deficiencies in these essential nutrients, highlighting the importance of maintaining a healthy microbial community. Overall, the relationship between humans and their microbial partners is a delicate yet powerful one, shaping our health and well-being in profound ways.
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