Based on my experience in aquaculture, I will focus on the latest technologies for healthy and efficient ecological breeding of pond fish and shrimp, integrating practical production methods for reference.
First, creating optimal pond conditions is essential. The water should be clean, fresh, and meet national fisheries standards, with dissolved oxygen levels above 5 mg/L, and at least 3 mg/L at the bottom. The pH should be between 7.5 and 8. The pond area should range from 2 to 5 mu, with a depth of 1.2 to 1.8 meters. The bottom should be flat, with a slope of 1:2 to 1:2.5. Each pond must have 1 to 2 sets of 1–1.5 kW aerators to maintain oxygen levels. Water inlets should use 80-mesh bags to filter out wild fish and prevent contamination.
Before stocking, the pond should be disinfected 7–10 days in advance using 75–100 kg/acre of quicklime to eliminate pathogens and pests. After disinfection, water should be added, and lime should be applied 2–3 days later. The water level should be raised to 50–60 cm, and fermented organic fertilizer (150–200 kg/mu) along with EM microbial agents (1–1.5 kg/mu) should be used to cultivate natural food sources.
Aquatic plants such as *Vallisneria* and some aquatic grasses should be planted immediately after water is added, spaced 1–2 meters apart. These plants help reduce algae growth and provide shelter for shrimp. A small portion of the surface should be covered by the plants—around 30%. In shallow areas, items like bamboo shoots or tea twigs can be placed, and mesh structures can be installed to create three-dimensional habitats, increasing space for shrimp and improving productivity.
Next, purchasing high-quality seedlings is crucial. Shrimp should be sourced from certified hatcheries rather than self-bred stock to avoid genetic issues. Stocking density should be moderate, around 800,000–1 million tails per mu, with uniform size. Delaying the stocking time until mid-July can help reduce premature sexual maturity, which often leads to smaller shrimp sizes in late summer.
Stocking density should be adjusted based on the culture method. For pure freshwater shrimp farming, 60,000–80,000 shrimp per mu (1.5–2.0 cm in size) is ideal. If mixed with other fish species, 15,000–20,000 per mu is recommended. Early spring stocking should not be too dense, typically 1200–1600 shrimp per acre, depending on the desired market size.
After September, regular harvesting of mature shrimp helps control population density and promotes faster growth of the remaining shrimp.
Feeding practices must also be optimized. Freshwater shrimp require high-quality feed with crude protein content of 35–40% during the larval stage and 30–32% in later stages. Feeding should follow the "Four S" principle—frequency, amount, quality, and timing—adjusting based on weather, water temperature, and water quality.
Maintaining good water quality is critical. Shrimp are highly sensitive to low oxygen levels, so mechanical aeration is necessary, especially during hot or rainy days. Aerators should be used from 4 PM to 7 AM in July, August, and September. In ponds without sufficient water exchange, beneficial microbes like photosynthetic bacteria and EM should be applied to improve water conditions.
Regular liming, fertilization, and plankton management help maintain ideal water color (yellow-green or brown) and transparency (25–30 cm). Lime should be applied every 15–20 days at a rate of 10–15 g/m³.
Finally, controlling early maturation and overpopulation is key. Stocking should be delayed to avoid premature sexual development. Adding calcined shell powder (20 kg/mu) when larvae appear can raise pH and kill unmetamorphosed zoea, reducing overpopulation. By implementing these strategies, farmers can significantly improve yield and shrimp quality.
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