Penaeus vannamei, commonly known as the Pacific white shrimp, is one of the three most economically significant shrimp species globally in terms of aquaculture production. It is primarily found along the Pacific coast of the Americas, ranging from northern Peru to Sonora in Mexico, with the highest concentrations along the coast of Ecuador. This species thrives in a temperature range of 18–32°C. Below 16°C, its activity decreases significantly, and growth ceases. The ideal temperature for optimal growth is between 23–30°C. When temperatures drop below 9°C, mortality rates increase rapidly. In terms of salinity, Penaeus vannamei can tolerate a wide range, typically between 2‰ and 40‰.
In recent years, Penaeus vannamei has become a major focus in aquaculture due to its high market demand and profitability. Following successful desalination trials, regions like Doumen and Xinhui in Guangdong have seen a surge in breeding efforts, particularly focusing on importing shrimps from South America. Based on two years of field experience and extensive literature review, this article summarizes key technical aspects of Penaeus vannamei farming, including shrimp selection, transportation, pond preparation, water management, and stocking practices.
**Shrimp Selection and Transportation**
Choosing high-quality shrimp seedlings is crucial for successful farming. Only healthy shrimp free from pathogens, especially viruses such as White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV), should be selected. Shrimp sourced from Doumen and Xinhui are typically imported from Hainan and Zhanjiang, so it’s important to purchase from reputable farms with good water quality. Visually, healthy shrimp exhibit strong movement, clear bodies, no visible lesions, and well-developed internal organs. During transport, oxygen levels must be maintained, and the density depends on the duration, size, and water conditions. Typically, 15,000 seedlings per bag are transported in 70 cm x 37 cm polyethylene bags for up to 10 hours at 18–26°C.
**Pond Preparation and Water Management**
The quality of the pond substrate is critical for Penaeus vannamei. Excess organic matter at the bottom can lead to poor water quality and shrimp mortality. Experts recommend maintaining ammonia nitrogen below 0.5 ppm, nitrite nitrogen below 0.1 ppm, dissolved oxygen above 5 ppm, and hydrogen sulfide below 0.1 ppm. After dredging, lime (150 kg/acre) should be applied, and the pond should be exposed to sunlight. All harmful organisms and potential pathogen carriers must be removed before introducing shrimp. A separate area using non-porous plastic mesh can be used for water cultivation and dilution. Backwater must be filtered and disinfected using agents like quicklime, bleaching powder, or chlorine-based compounds.
**Desalination and Cultivation**
Although Penaeus vannamei can grow in freshwater, the process requires careful salinity adjustment. Shrimp should be gradually acclimated to lower salinity over 10–15 days, starting from the level they were raised in. The pH during the larval stage should remain between 8.0 and 8.6. Adequate natural food is essential, especially during the early stages when shrimp feed mainly on plankton. Organic fertilizers (e.g., chicken, pig, cow manure) and inorganic fertilizers (e.g., urea, compound fertilizer) are used to cultivate phytoplankton. Proper timing is crucial—too long a period can lead to poor shrimp growth. Adding beneficial bacteria can also help maintain water quality and prevent disease.
**Pre-Stocking Precautions**
Shrimp should be released on sunny mornings or evenings, avoiding rainy days and midday. Each pond should be stocked fully at once to prevent uneven growth ("kung-sun shrimp") and ensure efficiency. Stocking density should be carefully managed, typically around 4–5 million per acre. Before releasing, the shrimp bags should be soaked in the pond for about 30 minutes to equalize the temperature, ensuring a smooth transition.
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