China's current fertilizer utilization rate is significantly lower compared to that in developed countries. For instance, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is only 30% to 40% in the current growing season. Once applied, nitrogen fertilizer has three main fates: it is absorbed by the current crop (typically 30–40%), remains in the soil (25–35%), or is lost through leaching, volatilization, or runoff (20–60%). Phosphate fertilizer is used at a rate of 10–25%, while potassium fertilizer reaches about 50–60%. So, how can we improve the efficiency of chemical fertilizers?
To enhance fertilizer use efficiency, several measures can be taken:
First, determine the appropriate amount and type of fertilizer based on the crop's needs and soil conditions, such as fertility, pH, and nutrient requirements. For example, crops like legumes, rapeseed, cotton, melons, and fruit trees are particularly responsive to phosphate fertilizers, making their application highly effective. In acidic soils, alkaline fertilizers should be used to prevent further acidification.
Second, combine the use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic fertilizers. Studies on wheat show that applying all three nutrients together increases yield by 16.5% compared to using phosphorus alone, 10.5% more than using nitrogen alone, and 6.4% more than using nitrogen and phosphorus together. Organic fertilizers also help reduce the adsorption and fixation of phosphorus, improving its availability.
Third, apply fertilizers deeply and concentratedly. This method helps increase nitrogen use efficiency and reduces losses due to ammonia volatilization and denitrification. Concentrated application of phosphorus minimizes contact with soil particles, reducing chemical fixation and promoting better root absorption. Layered application ensures adequate phosphorus supply throughout different growth stages.
Fourth, apply fertilizers during the critical and maximum efficiency periods for nutrients. These are the times when crops absorb nutrients most effectively. The critical period for phosphorus is early in the growth cycle, while nitrogen’s critical period comes slightly later. The maximum efficiency period usually occurs during the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth.
Fifth, manage water carefully. Proper irrigation enhances nutrient uptake, while over- or under-watering leads to nutrient loss and poor crop performance.
Sixth, use foliar spraying to supplement crop nutrition. This method not only meets nutrient demands but also reduces soil fixation and improves fertilizer efficiency. A solution of 2–3% superphosphate (prepared by soaking and filtering) works well for this purpose.
Seventh, take advantage of fertilizer carryover effects. Even though the immediate utilization of residual nitrogen (25–35%) and phosphate (10–25%) may be low, they can still benefit future crops over time. Testing shows that phosphorus applied in one season can contribute up to 50% in the same year, 25% in the next, and so on.
Eighth, implement formula fertilization. This technique increases utilization rates by 5–10% and prevents wasteful, blind applications. As fertilizer rates increase, the absolute amount of nitrogen taken up by crops and the amount lost also rise, but the relative efficiency decreases.
Lastly, apply micronutrients alongside major nutrients. For example, adding 1 kg of zinc and 0.5 kg of boron per acre when applying phosphorus to wheat can significantly boost yields.
By adopting these strategies, farmers can improve both the efficiency and sustainability of fertilizer use, leading to better crop production and environmental protection.
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