Eggplant Verticillium wilt is a common and serious disease that typically appears after fruiting, with symptoms intensifying during the flowering and fruiting stages. Early signs include yellowing or chlorosis on the middle and lower leaves, which gradually progresses upward, causing half of the plant’s branches and leaves to turn yellow and die—hence the name "half crazy." The fruits become soft and unrigid. In severe cases, the entire plant wilts, the leaves dry up, and the stems become thin and light in color. When the roots and stems are peeled, the vascular bundles appear brown, which is why this condition is also referred to as "black heart disease."
The disease is caused by *Verticillium dahliae*, a soil-borne fungus that survives for 6–8 years in the soil, especially in the presence of infected crop residues. It enters through root wounds, root hairs, or the radicle and spreads within the plant's vascular system. Continuous cropping or poor field management increases the risk, as does the accumulation of pathogens in the soil over time.
Environmental factors, particularly temperature, play a significant role in disease development. The optimal temperature range for infection is 20°C to 25°C. If the average daily temperature remains below 15°C for extended periods during the growth cycle, the disease tends to occur earlier and more severely. Conversely, temperatures above 28°C can suppress the disease.
Other contributing factors include heavy clay soils, saline-alkaline conditions, double cropping, excessive nitrogen fertilization, improper use of raw manure, shallow planting, transplanting seedlings under intense sunlight, cracked soil, and watering on cold days. All these conditions can increase the likelihood of an outbreak.
To prevent Verticillium wilt, farmers can apply 20–30 kg of microbial agents at transplanting. After seedlings emerge, it's recommended to spray 800 ppm of a multi-purpose solution called “Micro-Micro†diluted 300 times before symptoms appear. Root irrigation combined with foliar sprays is effective. A mixture of thiazole zinc (400 times dilution) and natural brassin (6000 times dilution) can be sprayed every 8–10 days for 2–3 applications.
For plants already showing symptoms, affected roots should be removed promptly. For early-stage wilting, applying 300 times diluted “Gold Micro†or 400 times diluted thiazole zinc at the base can help. Alternatively, 50% copper chloride (300 times) or 60% potassium dimethoate (500 times) can be used for root irrigation. These measures can significantly reduce the spread and impact of the disease.
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