Composting is an effective way to recycle organic waste into nutrient-rich fertilizer. To begin, you can use raw straw, or alternatively, weeds, leaves, and other organic materials that contain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These materials are first chopped into pieces about 6 to 7 centimeters long. Then, mix 500 kilograms of stalks with 300 kilograms of animal manure—such as cow, pig, or even puma feces—and add 100 kilograms of human urine. This mixture is then piled into a rectangular heap that stands 1.7 to 2 meters high and spans 5 to 6.7 meters in width. Afterward, pour 700 to 800 kilograms of water over the pile and cover the top with a layer of fine soil, about 3 to 6 centimeters thick, to help retain heat, moisture, and nutrients.
After approximately one week, the internal temperature of the compost pile will rise to between 60 and 70°C, especially in colder seasons when the process may take longer. Around day 10, turn the pile once and add more water if needed. After another 10 days, the temperature will rise again. Repeat the turning process and water as necessary. The compost is ready when the material turns nearly black, becomes soft, and emits a strong, earthy odor.
Once mature, the compost can be compacted and sealed with soil to preserve its nutrients for later use. It is typically applied as a base fertilizer, mixed thoroughly into the soil before planting. Compost is suitable for various types of soil and crops. For example, sandy soils benefit from partially decomposed compost, while clay soils require fully broken-down compost to avoid issues with compaction.
Using compost improves soil fertility by adding essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, as well as calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. It also enriches the soil with beneficial microorganisms, promoting long-term soil health and supporting sustainable crop growth.
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