Soil management plays a crucial role in preventing and controlling plant diseases. It should be integrated with proper cultivation practices, effective field management, and appropriate soil chemistry to ensure long-term disease suppression.
During the winter season, it's important to clean up fallen leaves and remove diseased branches, as these can harbor pathogens that survive the cold months. Deep plowing of the soil helps to disrupt the life cycle of these pathogens, reducing their presence in the following growing season.
Improving the orchard's microclimate is another key strategy. Enhancing air circulation and sunlight exposure can significantly lower humidity levels, which are favorable for many fungal infections. This can be achieved by maintaining proper tree spacing, aligning rows with the main wind direction, and ensuring that the scaffold height is not too low. Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer application, and instead focus on increasing phosphate, potassium, and lime to strengthen the plants' natural resistance. During the growing season, water the plants appropriately, and after heavy rains, ensure good drainage in the orchard. Pruning should be done regularly to remove unnecessary branches near the ground, which helps reduce moisture accumulation and lowers the risk of infection.
Spray protection is also essential. The best time to apply fungicides is before the pathogen infects the plants. A first spray should be applied, followed by another every other half month, repeating this 2 to 3 times. Suitable options include Bordeaux mixture (1:0.7:200), which is highly effective against grape downy mildew. Another option is Zexone zinc WP at 65% concentration, diluted 500 times, which has shown excellent control. Recently, 40% EB aluminum wettable powder at 300 times dilution has also proven very effective for both prevention and treatment.
In addition, new types of bactericides have emerged, such as Anti-Virus (Dark Zinc Manganese) and DP-3217. For example, using Anti-Virus at a dilution of 1000–1200 times during the peak period of grape downy mildew, combined with one or two additional sprays, provides better results than traditional Bordeaux mixture. Similarly, applying Thimemus (35% wettable powder) at 800 times dilution is also an effective method for controlling grape downy mildew.
By combining cultural practices, environmental adjustments, and timely chemical treatments, growers can effectively manage grape downy mildew and protect their crops from significant losses.
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