Soil management plays a crucial role in the prevention and control of plant diseases, especially when it comes to cultivation practices, soil health, and chemical treatments. Effective strategies should be implemented throughout the year to ensure long-term success.
During the winter months, it's important to clean up fallen leaves and remove any diseased branches. This helps eliminate potential sources of overwintering pathogens. Additionally, deep tilling of the soil can disrupt the life cycle of these diseases and reduce their presence in the following growing season.
Improving the orchard’s microclimate is another key step. Enhancing air circulation and light exposure can significantly lower humidity levels, which are often a contributing factor to disease development. To achieve this, proper spacing between trees should be maintained, ideally aligned with the direction of the main wind flow. The tree scaffolding should not be too low to allow better airflow. Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer, as it can promote lush growth that may favor disease. Instead, increase the use of phosphate, potassium, and lime to strengthen the plants’ natural resistance. Watering should be done in a timely and measured manner, and after heavy rains, proper drainage systems must be in place. Pruning is also essential—cutting away unnecessary branches near the ground can help reduce moisture buildup and minimize the risk of infection.
In terms of chemical protection, applying fungicides at the right time is vital. Spraying should begin before the pathogen infects the plants. A first application should be made, followed by subsequent sprays every other day for two or three times. Recommended products include Bordeaux mixture (1:0.7:200), which is effective against grape downy mildew. Another option is 65% Zexone zinc WP diluted at 500 times, known for its strong control effect. Recently, 40% EB aluminum wettable powder diluted at 300 times has shown excellent results in both prevention and treatment.
Newer bactericides are also available on the market, such as anti-virus (dark zinc manganese) and DP-3217. For example, using 1000–1200 times diluted anti-virus scorpion during the peak season of grape downy mildew, combined with one or two additional sprays, can provide better control than traditional Bordeaux mixture. Similarly, spraying 800 times diluted thimemus (35% wettable powder) has proven to be an effective method for managing grape downy mildew.
By integrating cultural, environmental, and chemical approaches, growers can effectively manage and prevent the spread of diseases in their orchards, leading to healthier crops and higher yields.
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