In the long-term process of agricultural production, farmers in northern China have developed various drought-resistant seeding techniques. These methods are designed to optimize water use and improve crop survival in dry conditions. Some of the key approaches include:
The "looting and sowing" method is used when light rain ends, and the soil is still moist. Farmers quickly sow seeds while the ground is damp to maximize moisture retention.
Another technique is the "dampening and drought-resisting sowing." This involves collecting wet soil from the surface after a light rain or snowfall and using it to fill planting pits. The wet soil is mixed with base fertilizer and placed into the hole, followed by covering with dry soil to seal it. Seeds are then sown on top of the dry layer.
The "dry seed wet seeding" method is particularly effective when the lower soil is moist, but the surface is dry. Farmers break up the dry crust using a moldboard, then plant cotton seeds in the moist soil below. Afterward, they cover the seeds with loose soil to help them emerge more easily.
The "by sowing" method is commonly used for on-demand planting. When the bottom is moist but the surface is dry, farmers dig holes and fill them with wet soil from the second hole, ensuring each seed is covered with moist earth to encourage germination.
After spring plowing or tilling, farmers create raised beds about 25 cm high and 40–50 cm wide. During sowing, a shovel is used to loosen the soil between the ridges, and part of the ridge soil is collapsed into a wet, loose layer 6–7 cm high. Seeds are then planted directly on this moist bed to aid seedling emergence.
The "Hanggou" sowing method is a comprehensive technique that helps conserve moisture, retain water, increase temperature, and save fertilizers. It involves preparing the field by leveling it, marking planting positions, and digging pits or ditches. The topsoil is set aside, and fertilizer is mixed with soil before being watered. The remaining soil is used to form raised mounds, which help prevent soil cracking and sinking.
The "water-saving sowing" method is used when there is insufficient moisture at the surface. Farmers dig shallow furrows (2–3 cm deep), water them evenly, and then plant seeds in the moist soil. Dry soil is then used to cover the seeds and form small ridges. The ridge height is around 3.5–4.5 cm, with a base width of 10–13 cm. Once 70% of the cotton seeds have emerged, the ridges are flattened.
The "water seeding" method follows a similar process but involves digging rather than plowing. Although more labor-intensive, it conserves water and protects the young plants more effectively.
These traditional methods demonstrate the ingenuity of Chinese farmers in adapting to arid conditions and maximizing crop yields through careful management of soil and water resources.
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