In the long-term agricultural practices, farmers in northern China have developed a variety of drought-resistant seeding techniques to adapt to dry conditions and improve crop survival rates. These methods are designed to make the most of limited water resources and ensure successful germination even in arid environments.
One such method is the "looting and sowing" technique, which is used when light rain ends. The soil should be moist, and seeds are sown immediately to take advantage of the remaining moisture.
Another approach is the "dampening and drought-resisting sowing" method. This involves collecting wet soil from the surface after light rain or snowfall, digging pits according to specific guidelines, mixing the wet soil with base fertilizer, and filling the pits. Dry soil is then used to cover and seal the pit, ensuring that the seeds are planted in a moist environment.
The "dry seed wet seeding" method is particularly effective when the bottom layer is moist but the surface is dry. Farmers use tools like a cultivator to break up the dry crust, allowing seeds to be placed in the moist soil beneath. After planting, the dry soil is carefully returned to cover the seeds.
The "by sowing" method is commonly used for on-demand planting. When the lower layers are moist but the surface is dry, holes are dug, and wet soil from the second hole is used to cover the first one. This ensures that each seed is placed in a favorable environment for germination.
After spring plowing or tilling, farmers create raised beds approximately 25 cm high and 40-50 cm wide. During sowing, a shovel is used to loosen the soil between the ridges, and part of the ridge soil is collapsed into a wet, loose bed about 6-7 cm high. Seeds are then sown directly onto these moist ridges, improving emergence rates.
The "Hanggou" sowing method is a comprehensive technique that combines drought resistance, moisture conservation, temperature regulation, water storage, and fertilizer efficiency. In winter and early spring, fields are leveled, and predetermined spacing is marked. Pits or ditches are dug, typically 50 cm long and deep, with trenches 80-100 cm wide. Topsoil is removed and set aside, and slopes are dug along contour lines. Fertilizer is mixed with soil and watered before being covered with the remaining topsoil, forming a raised mound above the ground. This structure helps retain moisture and prevent soil cracking.
The "water-saving sowing" method is applied when the bottom is moist but the surface lacks sufficient moisture. A shallow ditch (2-3 cm deep) is dug, and water is evenly distributed to meet the moisture needs. Once the water has been absorbed, seeds are sown at regular intervals, with wet soil covering them first, followed by dry soil and a small ridge. The ridge height is around 3.5-4.5 cm, and the base width is 10-13 cm. When 70% of the seeds have emerged, the ridge is flattened.
The "water seeding" method follows a similar process but replaces digging with manual hole creation. Although more labor-intensive, it conserves water and protects the young seedlings effectively.
These traditional techniques reflect the ingenuity of Chinese farmers in adapting to environmental challenges, ensuring sustainable agriculture even in difficult conditions.
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