**Strategies for Controlling Weeds in Wheat Fields**
Weed control in wheat fields should follow a "prevention-focused, integrated management" approach. This involves combining agricultural practices, manual weeding, and chemical herbicides to create a comprehensive weed management system. Each region should tailor its measures based on local weed species, infestation levels, climate conditions, and farming systems, implementing simple and effective methods to keep weed populations below economically acceptable thresholds.
**Weeding Through Agricultural Practices**
One of the most important ways weeds spread is through contaminated seeds. For quarantine weeds like poison wheat, strict measures must be taken to seal affected areas, prevent the spread of weed seeds, and eradicate any new occurrences promptly to protect non-infested regions.
Crop rotation can help change the environment that supports weeds, making it less favorable for their growth. In northern wheat regions, long-term crop rotation is essential. In areas where conditions permit, crops like Tian Xuan Hua, Xiang Fu Zi, Jiao Guo Cai, and Brassica paniculata can be controlled by flooding or mechanical weeding. In southern wheat areas, especially where Akanmai re-emerges, continuous wheat and rice cropping should be avoided. Green manure should be turned under during the flowering stage of weeds, which helps suppress them effectively.
Farmyard manure must be fully decomposed before application. This is because composts often contain weed seeds, and high-temperature decomposition helps kill these seeds while enhancing fertilizer benefits.
Field management plays a crucial role in early weed control, timely fertilization, and irrigation. These practices promote healthy wheat growth and suppress weeds naturally. Rational farming techniques, such as deep and shallow tillage, not only control weeds but also save time and labor. In areas with recurring wild oats, deep sowing (about 20 cm) followed by shallow plowing (around 10 cm) can concentrate weed seeds on the surface, improving the effectiveness of chemical control. Deep plowing before winter can expose perennial weeds to freezing or sunburn, reducing their occurrence.
**Chemical Weed Control in Wheat Fields**
Herbicides are widely used to manage broad-leaved weeds in wheat fields. Common options include 2,4-D-butyrate, 2-Azyl Chloride, Benzonsone, Superstars, Baicao, Mesulfuron, and chlorsulfuron. Other products like Long, West grass net, bromoxynil, and iodobenzene are also used.
**Superstars (Broadleaf Net)**
Superstars is a highly efficient sulfonylurea herbicide. It has a wide spectrum of activity, low dosage requirements, and is safe for crops. It effectively controls broad-leaved weeds like sow wormwood, porcine clam, bramble, Virginia, big broccoli, vaccaria, wild rapeseed, leeks, clams, amaranth, blue vegetables, and lavender. It also controls Tianshao, Maijiagong, and Miwa pots. Application is best done during the wheat leaf stage to jointing stage, when weeds are at the 3–4 leaf stage. Use 75% Superstars dry suspension at 0.9–1.4 grams per acre mixed with 30–50 kg of water. Visible effects appear within 10–30 days after application.
**2,4-D Butyl Ester**
This herbicide is effective against Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Eucalyptus, Poria, Xanthium, field bindweed, small bindweed, amaranth, sow wormwood, euphorbia, miva, and other weeds. It should be applied from the 4th leaf to the end of the tillering stage. If applied after this period, it may cause phytotoxicity and malformed spikes. The recommended dose is 72% 2,4-D butyl ester at 50–70 ml per mu for spring wheat and 40–50 ml per mu for winter wheat, mixed with 50 kg of water. Best results occur on sunny days with temperatures above 18°C. Avoid applying near sensitive crops like cotton, rapeseed, and beans, and ensure wind speed does not exceed 3 m/s downwind.
**2A4 Chloride**
Similar to 2,4-D butyl ester, 2A4 chloride is less volatile and safer for wheat. It is applied from one leaf to the end of the tillering stage. Use 70% 2A4 chloride sodium salt at 55–85 grams per acre or 20% 2A4 chloride water agent at 200–300 ml, mixed with 30–50 kg of water. Although less volatile, it can still affect sensitive crops if not properly managed. Apply on sunny days for optimal results.
**Paraquat (Baicao Enemy)**
Paraquat is effective against many annual and perennial broad-leaved weeds, including Sophora japonica, Brassica rapa, Brassica chinensis, Amaranthus retroflexus, and others. Apply at the 2–5 leaf stage for spring wheat and 4–tillering stage for winter wheat. Use 48% paraquat at 20–30 ml per acre, mixed with 40 kg of water. Best results occur on sunny days with high temperatures.
**Bendazosone (Daocao Dan)**
Used to control various weeds like pigtails, leeks, cocklebur, purslane, and others. Apply at the 2–5 leaf stage. Use 48% bendazosone at 130–180 ml per acre, mixed with 30 kg of water. It works best in high temperatures and moist soil. Effects may take up to 10 days to show. Can be mixed with 2A4 chloride or diesel to improve efficacy.
**Long (Curing Evil Spirits)**
Effective against pigskin, scorpion, cattle squid, big nest dish, sow wormwood, broken rice stalks, and others. Apply at the 2–5 leaf stage. Use 20% long emulsifiable concentrate at 30–50 ml per acre, mixed with 30 kg of water. In areas with Zeqing (cat's eye), mix 20% long cream EC 25–35 ml with 20% 2A4 chloride water agent 150 ml for better control.
**Grassy Weed Control Herbicides**
These include Humming horses, barnyardgrass, Xinyanling, oatmeal, herbicide dan, glutinous gluten, oat addicts, green yan yan, and wild ling.
**Thrips (Hamma)**
A selective herbicide effective against wild oats, aphrodisiac, Valerian, Setaria virescens, Japanese apia, hard grass, and others. Apply after wheat emergence, ideally when grasses are 2–4 leaves. Use 6.9% thrips emulsion at 40–60 ml per acre or 10% amaranth cream at 30–40 ml, mixed with 30 kg of water. Can be combined with superstars, 2,4-D, bromoxynil, etc., but avoid mixing with bendazosone or 2A4 chloride.
**Trifoliol**
Controls wild oats, aphrodisiacs, barnyardgrass, goosegrass, crabgrass, green foxtail, and poisonous wheat. Apply when more than 90% of wild oats have emerged, at 3–4 leaf stage. Use 36% silymarin EC at 130–180 ml per acre, mixed with 30 kg of water.
**New Yan Ling**
Controls wild oats and has some effect on alfalfa. Apply when wild oats emerge in winter wheat. Use 20% Xin Yan Ling EC at 250–350 ml per mu, mixed with 30 kg of water.
**Oats Fear (Ahada)**
Controls wild oats, aunts, dry buckwheat, and poisonous wheat. Apply pre-emergence or post-emergence before heading. Use 40% oats fear at 150–200 ml per acre, mixed with 30 kg of water. Mix into 10 cm of soil before sowing.
**Zhicao Dan**
Controls annual weeds like amaranth, barnyardgrass, crabgrass, setaria, hardgrass, and headgrass. Apply after wheat seedlings, using 50% zhicao dan at 100–150 ml per acre, mixed with 25% green mellon 120–200 g or 50% zhicao oil and 48% pull rope EC 100 ml each, mixed with 30 kg of water.
**Mixed Weed Control**
Green mellon, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, isoproturon, linuron, prometryn, and Putianjing are effective against most broad-leaved weeds and some grasses. They can be used in combination with grassy weeds.
**Green Mellon**
Controls amaranth, valerian, foxtail, hardgrass, headgrass, and wild oats, as well as broad-leaved weeds like swine fever, sow wormwood, earthworms, sturgeons, and others. Apply before wheat seeding at 200–300 g of 25% chlorotoluron per mu, mixed with 30 kg of water. If hardgrass is dominant, mix with 50g of 48% trifluralin per acre.
**Mesulfuron**
Controls S. sophia, S. brevicornus, S. scrofulaceum, S. chinense, and Amaranthus cinnamomum. Apply at 3–5 g of 10% metsulfuron per acre, mixed with 30 kg of water. Has a long residual effect and may harm crops like sugar beets.
**Chlorsulfuron**
Controls broad-leaved weeds like swine crickets, broad-leaved storks, earthworms, cockroaches, cockleburs, and others. Also controls grassy weeds like amaranth, green foxtail, barnyard grass, and crabgrass. Apply before wheat sowing or after seedling. Safe for wheat but may persist in soil for a year, causing phytotoxicity to crops like corn, cotton, soybeans, and peanuts.
**Ligulong**
Controls Setaria virescens, Valeriana officinalis, wild oats, horseweed, goosegrass, swine fever, poria, acarus, oystercatchers, and others. Apply before winter wheat sowing at 50% ligulong 100–130 g per acre, mixed with 30 kg of water and shallowly mixed into soil.
**Praxegrax**
Controls Aegicenia regale, Setaria viridis, crabgrass, Fritillaria, virginia, oysters, and scorpions. Apply before sowing at 50% paracetamol 75–100 g per acre, mixed with 30 kg of water. Shallow mixing improves efficacy.
**Integrated Weed Control Technology**
In spring wheat and some dry winter wheat areas, wild oats and broad-leaved weeds are the main targets. Apply oatmeal before sowing to control wild oats, and use superstars, 2A4 chloride, 2,4-D-butylate, or baicao at the seedling stage. Mixing superstars with thrips allows single-application control of both grasses and broad-leaved weeds. In southern wheat fields dominated by amaranth and broad-leaved weeds, no-tillage wheat can be grown, and glyphosate or paraquat can be used before sowing to eliminate weeds. Apply green mellon before budding and mix with haloxyfop and 2A4 chloride at the seedling stage, or combine bentazone and 2A4 chloride. Mixing superstars with thrips at the seedling stage can control all annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds in one application.
**Important Considerations in Chemical Weeding**
Herbicides must be selected carefully based on the target weeds and local farming systems. Some herbicides have narrow spectra, so choosing the right product is critical. For example, oatmeal controls wild oats and aphrodisiacs but not hard grasses. 2A4 chloride controls sow wormwood, cockroach, and leeks but not swine fever. Alternating herbicides with different mechanisms helps prevent resistance and reduces the risk of secondary weeds.
Herbicides have lower safety margins compared to insecticides and fungicides. Always follow recommended dosages and apply evenly to avoid re-spraying. Timing is crucial—apply during the wheat safe period (seedling stage) and weed sensitive period (1–3 leaf stage). Applying too early or late can reduce efficacy or cause phytotoxicity.
Temperature and humidity significantly impact herbicide performance. For instance, 25% chlorotoluron at 300 g/acre showed 98.3% control at 9–13.6°C, but only 80.5% at 2–10°C. 2,4-D butyl ester and 2A4 chloride work best above 15°C. High temperatures improve herbicide efficacy but increase the risk of phytotoxicity.
Soil properties and pH also influence herbicide performance. Clay soils with high organic matter absorb more herbicides, reducing their availability but increasing safety. Sandy soils have lower absorption, increasing the risk of phytotoxicity. Alkaline soils retain herbicides longer, potentially causing damage to subsequent crops. Adjust dosage and timing accordingly.
Finally, using safe synergists like Spring Rain No.1 can enhance herbicide efficacy, especially in low temperatures, and reduce phytotoxicity. Mix 1 capsule of Spring Rain No.1 with 15 kg of water and the herbicide for optimal results. This method is compatible with various herbicides and promotes efficient weed control.
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