**Strategies for Controlling Weeds in Wheat Fields**
Weed management in wheat fields should follow a "prevention-focused, integrated control" approach. This involves combining agricultural practices, manual weeding, and chemical methods to establish an effective weed control system. Each region can tailor its measures based on local weed species, damage levels, environmental conditions, climate, and farming systems. The goal is to keep weed populations below economically acceptable thresholds using simple and effective techniques.
**Agricultural Methods for Weed Control**
One of the key agricultural strategies is strict quarantine and seed selection to prevent the spread of weed seeds. For invasive weeds like poison wheat, it's crucial to isolate affected areas, eliminate the spread of seeds, and eradicate zero-occurrence zones to protect non-infested areas. Crop rotation also plays a vital role in disrupting the environment that supports weed growth. In northern wheat regions, long-term crop rotations help reduce weed pressure, while in southern areas, avoiding continuous wheat-rice cropping is essential. Green manure incorporation during weed flowering and soil cultivation are effective methods.
Composting must be fully decomposed to kill weed seeds present in field residues. Field management, such as timely weeding before the wheat tillering stage, topdressing, and irrigation, helps promote healthy wheat growth and suppresses weed development through ecological control. Deep and shallow tillage combinations not only manage weeds but also save labor. In wild oat-prone areas, deep sowing followed by shallow plowing can concentrate weed seeds on the surface, improving chemical herbicide effectiveness. Deep plowing before winter exposes perennial weeds to freezing or sun exposure, reducing their occurrence in intensively farmed areas.
**Chemical Weed Control in Wheat Fields**
Herbicides used for broadleaf weed control include 2,4-D butyl ester, 2-Azyl Chloride, Benzonsone, Superstars, Baicao, Mesulfuron, and chlorsulfuron. They are effective against various weeds like Amaranthus, Portulaca, Xanthium, and others.
**Superstars (Broadleaf Net)**
Superstars is a highly efficient sulfonylurea herbicide with a wide spectrum, low dosage, and high safety. It controls broadleaf weeds such as sow thistle, pigweed, and wild radish. Application during the wheat leaf to jointing stage (3–4 leaves) ensures maximum efficacy. Use 75% Superstars dry suspension at 0.9–1.4 grams per acre mixed with 30–50 kg water. Visible effects appear within 10–30 days after application.
**2,4-D Butyl Ester**
This herbicide effectively controls Amaranthus, Portulaca, Xanthium, and other weeds. It should be applied from the 4th leaf stage to the end of the tillering phase. For spring wheat, use 72% 2,4-D butyl ester at 50–70 ml per mu, and for winter wheat, 40–50 ml per mu, mixed with 50 kg of water. Apply on sunny days with temperatures above 18°C for best results. Avoid application after the tillering stage to prevent phytotoxicity and malformed spikes.
**2-Azyl Chloride**
Similar to 2,4-D butyl ester, this herbicide is less volatile and safer for wheat. Apply from one leaf to the end of the tillering stage. Use 70% 2-Azyl chloride sodium salt at 55–85 g per acre or 20% 2-Azyl chloride water agent at 200–300 ml per acre, mixed with 30–50 kg water. Ensure proper spray direction to avoid drift to sensitive crops.
**Paraquat (Baicao Enemy)**
Effective against annual and perennial broadleaf weeds, Paraquat is best applied when wheat has 2–5 leaves (spring wheat) or 4 leaves (winter wheat). Use 48% Paraquat at 20–30 ml per acre, mixed with 40 kg water. High temperature and sunny conditions enhance efficacy. Avoid use after the jointing stage to prevent phytotoxicity.
**Bendazosone (Daocao Dan)**
Used for controlling weeds like pigweed, purslane, and cocklebur. Apply at 2–5 leaf stage. Use 48% Bendazosone at 130–180 ml per acre, mixed with 30 kg water. Effects may take up to 10 days, but mixing with 2-Azyl chloride or diesel can improve efficacy.
**Lenglong (Long Grass Herbicide)**
Controls weeds like pigskin, scorpion, and barnyard grass. Apply at 2–5 leaf stage of wheat. Use 20% Lenglong EC at 30–50 ml per acre, mixed with 30 kg water. Effective against resistant weeds like Zeqing.
**Grassy Weed Control Herbicides**
Herbicides like Thrips, Trifoliol, Xin Yan Ling, Oats Fear (Ahada), Zhicao Dan, and others target grassy weeds such as wild oats, barnyardgrass, and crabgrass. Proper timing and dosage are critical for optimal control.
**Mixed Weed Control**
Combining herbicides like Green Mellon, Chlorsulfuron, and Mesulfuron offers broad-spectrum control over both broadleaf and grassy weeds. These are often used in combination for better efficacy and resistance management.
**Important Considerations in Chemical Weeding**
Herbicides must be selected based on local weed species and farming systems. Overuse of single herbicides can lead to resistance and secondary weed problems. Dosage should not be increased arbitrarily, and applications should be done evenly to avoid re-spraying. Optimal application times depend on wheat growth stages and weed sensitivity. Temperature and humidity significantly affect herbicide performance, with higher temperatures generally enhancing efficacy. Soil properties, including pH and organic matter content, also influence herbicide behavior and crop safety. Using safe synergists like Spring Rain No. 1 can improve herbicide efficiency and reduce phytotoxicity risk.
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