How to assess the quality of fish ponds is a major concern for most fish farmers. A key factor in determining water quality is the color of the water. The color reflects the presence of fertilizers, plankton levels, and their diversity. Here's a detailed breakdown:
First, the origin of water color. After water is introduced into the pond, the color develops due to dissolved substances, suspended particles, and phytoplankton. Among these, the type and quantity of phytoplankton are the main contributors. Different species of algae contain various pigments, which result in different water colors. The duration of the water color depends on the life cycle and generation time of the algae.
Second, the relationship between fertilization and water color. Fish ponds should be properly fertilized, especially main production ponds. Initially, the water may appear yellowish-brown, then gradually shift to yellow-green, followed by a tender green, and finally turn blue-green. This change occurs because diatoms and green algae dominate during the yellow-green stage, while flagellates cause the green color. As blue-green algae become more prevalent, the water takes on a blue-green hue.
For manure-based fertilization, the water color changes from dark brown to yellowish-brown, then to tea brown, and eventually to reddish-brown. This is due to the dominance of golden algae and diatoms, which produce yellow-brown tones. When golden algae decline, cryptophytes, diatoms, and dinoflagellates take over, leading to dark brown water. Later, when diatoms decrease, the water turns red-brown.
Different animal manures also affect water color. Cow manure results in light brown water, pig manure produces a reddish tint, chicken manure leads to yellow-green hues, and duck manure often gives a dark green appearance.
Third, what water color is ideal for fish farming? Two types of water color are considered beneficial: green (such as yellow-green, brown-green, or oil-green) and brown (like yellow-brown, red-brown, or green-brown). These colors indicate a high concentration of plankton, which is easily digestible for fish. However, if the water is too light green, dark green, or grayish-blue, it may only show a high number of phytoplankton but not necessarily good quality. Such water is often classified as "thin" and less suitable for fish growth. If the water is black, brown, or green with a foul smell, it signals poor water quality, potentially leading to fish deaths.
The occurrence of algal blooms has both positive and negative aspects. On one hand, it indicates fertile water with abundant plankton that supports fish growth. On the other hand, it’s hard to maintain for long, and inexperienced farmers may struggle to manage it. Sudden weather changes can lead to mass algal die-offs, causing the water to turn black and emit a bad odor, which can result in fish kills.
Fourth, understanding the patterns of water quality. Observing water color helps determine its quality. Ideal pond water should be well-fertilized, lively, and cool. Fertilization is crucial, but not all fertilized water is high quality. Some may have non-digestible algae, making it old or stagnant. Visually, such water doesn’t change much over time. In contrast, well-fertilized and healthy water shows daily changes—lighter in the morning and thicker in the afternoon, due to the phototactic behavior of algae. Also, wind direction affects water color: the surface layer is lighter, while the deeper part is darker. This kind of water is more likely to experience blooms, indicating good quality, whereas thin or old water does not.
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