Long red dates, also known as lying dates, are a new variety of jujube primarily cultivated for fresh consumption and processing. They are known for their sweetness, crisp texture, high sugar content, and early fruiting. These dates gained recognition by winning the Gold Award for Quality Products at the 2001 International Agricultural Exposition. They are widely grown in provinces such as Shandong and Hebei. Based on several years of experience in cultivating red dates in Zaozhuang, we have compiled the following information to help growers improve their production.
First, selecting the right variety is crucial. Long red dates typically have a dark brown color with red-brown jujube heads and large, thin lenticels. The rootstock is dark gray and conical in shape. The leaves are dark green and oval, belonging to the complete leaf type. The fruits are medium-sized, long and cylindrical, with an average weight of 13.4 grams and a maximum of 29 grams. Their skin is smooth, thin, and brown-red, with minimal visible spots. The flesh is thick, crunchy, and juicy, containing 31.7% soluble solids. When eaten raw, they are sweet and crisp, with a dry matter sugar content of 75% and an edible rate of 96.3%, making them a premium product. This variety is drought-tolerant, disease-resistant, and particularly resilient against common jujube diseases.
In the Lunan region, the main cultivars include Changhongzao 1, Longhongzao 2, Longhongzao 3, and Longhongzao 4. When selecting seedlings, it's important to check the root system for freshness, completeness, and the healing of graft wounds, as well as the thickness of the seedling itself.
Second, planting in autumn is more beneficial than spring planting. Experience shows that autumn planting leads to higher survival rates, better growth, and stable fruiting in the second year. Planting in autumn allows the roots to heal quickly due to higher soil temperatures, reducing water loss and improving overall survival. This results in earlier germination, flowering, and more consistent fruit production.
Third, site selection is essential. The plantation should be located in areas with good ecological conditions, clean soil, water, and air. Long red dates thrive in sandy loam or clay loam soils found in plains, hills, and mountains. The soil should have an organic matter content above 1.0%, a pH between 6.5 and 7.5, and total salt content below 0.3%. It is suitable for both sunny and shaded areas.
Fourth, proper land preparation is key. Ideal sites include well-drained terraces with deep soil layers, good irrigation systems, and favorable physical and chemical soil properties. For flatlands, plant along a north-south direction on slopes of 6 degrees or more. In mountainous areas, use hilly dams with a planting density of 3 meters. Dig holes measuring 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 meters, backfill with topsoil mixed with sufficient organic fertilizer.
Fifth, planting specifications vary depending on the orchard type. In high-density demonstration gardens, spacing can be 1.5x0.7, 2x1, or 3x1 meters, with 660, 330, or 220 seedlings per acre. In regular orchards, spacing ranges from 3x1.5 to 4x1.5 meters, with 150 to 110 plants per acre. If intercropped, about 80 plants per mu can be planted at 4x2 or 5x1.5 meters. Apply base fertilizer before planting.
In areas with high water tables or heavy rainfall, planting depth should be shallow, and raised beds should be created around the rows. In hilly regions, dig deep pits and leave a small depression for water collection. In dry areas, cover the soil with plastic mulch to retain moisture.
Sixth, pruning after planting is critical. Many growers hesitate to cut back the seedlings, thinking it's a waste. However, not pruning often leads to poor growth and low survival rates. Typically, seedlings are cut back to 40–60 cm, leaving 3–4 buds. This promotes new root development, improves root health, enhances flower bud quality, and ensures stable fruit set. Even if some seedlings are weak or dehydrated, short pruning and other measures can help them survive.
Finally, post-planting management is vital. After germination, apply pesticides promptly to prevent pests like aphids and armyworms. Once the seedlings reach the desired height, perform pruning (especially in high-density plots) to shape the canopy. When there are many buds, a second pruning encourages better growth. If you choose not to allow fruiting in the first year, you can expect higher yields in the second year. Proper care and attention during this period significantly impact long-term productivity.
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