Feeding of pre-weaning dairy cows

The newborn calves and small cows that started to feed solid foods with liquid foods as the main feed are different from ruminants, because they only have one stomach that functions as the stomach. When the calf eats milk or milk replacer, the esophageal sulcus is closed, so that the milk avoids the reticulum and the rumen directly enters the stomach. However, after starting to feed solid foods, the esophageal sulcus gradually lost its function, the bacterial group in the rumen began to build, and the rumen wall began to develop. Eventually, small dairy cows can use and digest fibrous feed due to the establishment and growth of the microbiome in the rumen. Observed ruminants from 2 months to 4 months of age can conclude that the rumen has function.

Therefore, providing and feeding solid food as soon as possible can accelerate rumen development and early weaning (5 weeks to 8 weeks of age).

The rumen develops until the rumen is functioning properly and can maintain the nutritional needs of the calf, and the final product (volatile fatty acid) produced by the rumen fermentation is a stimulant for rumen development. Rumens lacking solid food stimulation will not develop. This technique that limits the development of rumen can be used to feed small beef cattle. This shows that solid food intake is critical to the development of the rumen. After the calf eats solid food, the normal bacterial and fungal colonies in the rumen are naturally established. Although there are hundreds of microorganisms attached to feed pellets in the rumen, only a dozen microorganisms are the main group. Only those bacteria (anaerobic bacteria) that can ferment carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions can rapidly grow in the rumen. The final products produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates (especially acetic acid and butyric acid) are important stimuli for rumen development. Therefore, intake of high-starch feed is more important for rumen development than roughage. Feeding highly palatable calf feeds (all types of grain mixed feed) as early as possible is very important for promoting the rapid development of the rumen and smooth passage through the weaning period.

When to feed calf feed 4 days after birth, the calf feed can be fed and fed continuously for 4 months (about 6 weeks to 8 weeks after weaning). In the first two weeks after birth, calves eat only a small amount of solid food. Try to encourage the calf to eat solid calf feed.

Whether or not hay and concentrate feeds should be fed Early studies have shown that a mixture of high quality hay and concentrate is required for the normal development of the rumen. The effect of fiber or roughage is believed to help increase rumen capacity and maintain the normal shape of the rumen. However, recent studies have shown that direct feeding of hay has no advantage if fed with a calf feed containing enough fiber. In contrast, carbohydrates in concentrates are extremely important because carbohydrates provide calves with acetic and butyric acids that are essential for the development of the rumen wall.

There are two types of calf feed, grain calf feed and full calf feed. Full-price calf feed has a higher fiber content (ie less energy) than grain feed, but both calf feeds can be combined with adult cattle feed ingredients (except urea). The full-price calf feed is slightly less palatable than the grain-based calf feed and therefore has a lower intake. Feeding calf feed before weaning does not require additional roughage.

In general, the grain components in the calf feed are coarse particles that have been rough milled. Because the feed pellets are too fine to promote rumen peristalsis, the finely ground feed is not suitable for feeding calves. It is usually possible to add 5% syrup to the calf feed to improve palatability. When the calf intakes 1.5 kg to 2.0 kg of calf feed per day (three months old), the cheaper concentrate mixture can be fed.

Weaning The weaning should be performed when the calf grows well and consumes at least 1% of the calf's diet (500-600 grams for small cattle and 700-800 grams for large cattle). Smaller or weak calves should continue to feed milk. Feed milk only once a day in the week before weaning. Most calves can be weaned between 5 and 8 weeks of age. Calves fed on grain calf feeds may be weaned weeks earlier than calves fed full calf feed. Weaning before 4 weeks of age is more dangerous and can result in high mortality. However, weaning increases consumption after 8 weeks, because the calf's feed after weaning is cheaper than milk or milk substitutes. Feeding only liquid foods limits calf growth.

If the calf is able to transition to eating solid feeds (calf and roughage) well after weaning, the weight of the calf will increase significantly.

As mentioned above, feeding the calf feed before weaning and then replenishing the roughage will be better for the calf's nutritional needs and ruminal development. However, quality hay or silage should be fed after weaning. The ingredients in the feed formulation should be closely monitored, especially when the feed formula contains corn silage. After weaning, as feed intake increases, body weight can and should rise to ideal levels.

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