Abstract: Soybean isoflavones are a kind of phytoestrogen with weaker estrogen-like activity, but also have strong heart, blood fat, anti-cancer and osteoporosis inhibition. The application of daidzein in livestock and poultry feed can significantly promote the growth of male animals, reduce feed costs, increase animal productivity, and enhance organism immunity. Therefore, the development of daidzein as a new type of feed additive will have great potential and broad potential. Prospects. Key words: daidzein; mechanism of action; application CLC number: S816.42 Document code: A In recent years, with the increase of feed production, the market competition has become increasingly fierce, and there have been more and more problems in feed production and use. The more questions come. In particular, the abuse of antibiotics, heavy metal salts, and illicit drugs in feed has brought serious economic losses to the breeding industry. What's more serious is that it directly or indirectly threatens human health. "High yield, high quality, high efficiency, and no pollution" are the themes for the sustainable development of animal husbandry in the 21st century. The production of safe and environment-friendly feed is an inevitable trend. The development of new green feed additives has become a hot spot for feed research. Soybean isoflavones are among them The soy isoflavone is a type of secondary metabolite formed during the growth of soybeans.In 1931, it was isolated and extracted from soybeans for the first time.In 1962, Setchell and Adlercreutz first confirmed the structure of soy isoflavones and mammalian estrogens. Similarities and elucidation of their possible anti-cancer effects.A large number of studies after 1980 showed that soy isoflavones has obvious curative effect on cancer prevention, treatment of female menopausal syndrome, and prevention and treatment of female senile osteoporosis, and entered the 1990s, soybean Isoflavones have begun to be used in animal production and have shown good production effects, and they have gradually been taken seriously by animal nutritionists.1. Composition and distribution 1. Composition Soybean isoflavones (ISO) is a class of soybeans. There are three main types of mixtures with polyphenol structure that are isolated and extracted: Daidzin Groups, Genistin Groups, and Glycitin Groups, each of which are free, glucoside, acetylglucosamine, and malonylglucosamine. In the form (free type is generally called alum, and the latter three are attributed to the combined forms of glycosides) 2. Distribution Soybean and its products are rich in isoflavones, and the content is about 0.1-0.5mg/g dry soybeans, among them One yuan accounted for 2% to 3% of the total amount, and glycosides accounted for 97%-98% of the total. Soybean isoflavones differ greatly in the content of different parts of soybean, and the highest concentration of isoflavones contained in the hypocotyl is the highest. It is 1%-2%, but since the embryo accounts for only 2% of the total seed weight, the proportion is very small (10%-20%); 80%-90% of the isoflavones are present in the cotyledons with a concentration of 0.1 %-0.3%;the seed coat content is the lowest, only about 0.03%。 2. Absorption and Metabolism 1. Digestion and Absorption Nature, biochanin A and forononetin are respectively the daidzein and dye. The precursors of the flavonoids, these two precursors are converted to large by the action of intestinal flora Isoflavones.Experiments show that soy isoflavones are mainly absorbed in the intestine, the absorption rate is 10% to 40%.The absorption of soy isoflavones mainly through two ways, fat-soluble aglycon can be directly absorbed from the small intestine, mainly occurs in In the small intestine, bound glycosides do not pass through the small intestine but are hydrolyzed by the β-glucosease of the bacteria in the colon to produce adiposes that are then absorbed, mainly in the large intestine.2. Metabolism of metabolic isoflavone metabolism exists Obvious individual differences, in general, the bioavailability of soybean anthraquinones is significantly higher than that of Dendrobium nobilis and Soybean meal.The final metabolites of soybean aphids are equine and deoxymethyl angola tannin, and dye amulets. The class eventually degrades to 4-ethylphenol. The combined isoflavones that have not been decomposed by the intestinal flora are not easily absorbed and are excreted directly from the bile into the intestine; the glycoside-type isoflavones are metabolized by the enterohepatic circulation and can be recombined with glycosides to form bioactive compounds. Third, the mechanism of action Soybean isoflavones are a class of phytoestrogens. Their structure is similar to that of animal estrogens, and they can bind to animal estrogen receptors (ERs) to show estrogenic activity and anti-estrogen activity. The protective effect of isoflavones on the body's health and the prevention and treatment of diseases are mostly determined by these two important biological activities. The ultimate activity of isoflavones in cells and in vivo is determined primarily by their local concentration, endogenous levels of estrogen, and ER levels in tissues and organs. The estrogenic activity of isoflavones is very weak, generally only 1/1000-300,000 of estradiol; when the isoflavone concentration is high, it can compete with estrogen for ER, thus showing anti-estrogen activity. On the contrary, when the level of estrogen in the body is low, it can partially replace estrogen and show estrogenic activity. Soy isoflavones also have antioxidant activity, inhibit cell proliferation and differentiation, anti-angiogenesis, and promote the synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). 1. Soybean Isoflavones Anti-cardiovascular Disease Mechanism of Action A large number of studies have shown that soy isoflavones can effectively reduce total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, and inhibit atherosclerotic plaque The formation of cardiovascular disease thereby reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease. In the last 20 years, researchers have conducted extensive research on the mechanism of action of soy isoflavones in cardiovascular diseases. It is believed that the mechanism of action of isoflavones is diverse, and the more mature mechanisms at present are the following: (1) LDL receptors regulate soybean isoforms Flavonoids can up-regulate LDL receptors, increase LDL receptor activity, and thus promote the elimination of cholesterol; (2) Antioxidant properties In vitro studies have shown that soy isoflavones can reduce LDL particle volume and protect LDL from excessive oxidation. This effect of isoflavones can reduce the deposition of LDL particles on the coronary artery wall, thereby reducing the incidence of atherosclerosis; (3) inhibiting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell culture found that genistein can reduce vascular fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the activity of fibrinolytic zymogen activator, thereby inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation, and the proliferation of such cells plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis; (4) antithrombotic tyrosine protein Phosphorylation is closely related to platelet activity. Genistein inhibits tyrosine kinases. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation decreases in platelets, leading to lowered platelet activity, to deposit and accumulate in the vessel wall is reduced, to prevent the occurrence of atherosclerosis used. 2. Anti-cancer mechanism study confirmed that genistein can prolong the incubation period of cancer, early exposure to isoflavones is conducive to late cancer prevention. It is generally believed that the anti-cancer mechanism of soy isoflavones mainly involves the following aspects: (1) Estrogenic effects and anti-hormonal effects studies suggest that affecting estrogen metabolism in vivo is one of the mechanisms of anti-cancer mechanisms of soy isoflavones; Some scholars believe that isoflavones promote the synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), which is also a possible anti-cancer mechanism; (2) Inhibition of cancer-related enzyme activity, especially tyrosine kinase tyrosine kinase and epidermal growth The receptors for cytokines, insulin-like growth factors, and platelet-derived growth factors are closely related, and they play an important role in cell proliferation and transformation. Isoflavones inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells by inhibiting tyrosine kinases; (3) The promotion of cancer cell proliferation has the effect of inhibiting angiogenesis; (4) Genistein has anti-oxidation and anti-peroxidation effects; (5) It shortens the growth cycle of cancer cells. Genistein can cause cancer cells to die by cleaving DNA strands that bind to proteins in cancer cells by inhibiting DNA topoisomerases. Genistein can also reduce the expression of ERmRNA and reduce the body's responsiveness to endogenous estrogens, thus achieving anti-cancer effects. (6) Genistein can inhibit some enzymes involved in DNA cleavage. Studies have shown that genistein can affect the activity of hormone-metabolizing enzymes. Aromatase is an androgen to estrogen invertase, and 17-beta-estrone dehydroxylase is an enzyme that converts estrone to estradiol. Genistein inhibits the activity of these metabolic enzymes, resulting in intracellular estrone. And estradiol concentration decreased, thus preventing estrogen formation of DNA adducts in cells, to achieve the purpose of inhibiting carcinogenesis. 3. Anti-osteoporosis mechanism ER on osteoclasts, estrogen can be combined with ER to reduce the activity of osteoclasts, thereby limiting bone resorption, is conducive to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. IV. Application in livestock and poultry production Since the 1990s, animal nutritionists have focused on the application of isoflavone compounds to animals. Studies have found that isoflavones have significant biological activity in animals, can significantly promote animal growth, reduce abdominal fat deposition, improve reproductive performance, and improve immunity. 1. The regulation effect on the growth of male livestock confirmed that after male broilers were fed with soy isoflavones, the growth of the chicken's crown was accelerated, the daily gain was increased by 10%, and the weights of the pectoral and leg muscles were increased by 6.5% and 7.26% respectively, and the feed utilization rate was significantly reduced. The (DNA) content per gram tissue of pectoral muscle was decreased by 8.7% compared with the control group, but there was no significant change in the total DNA of the pectoral muscle, total RNA increased by 16.5%, serum urea level decreased by 14.2%, protein utilization increased significantly, but no significant difference for female broilers. effect. Analysis showed that cock testosterone, β-endorphin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, T3, T4 and insulin levels were significantly increased. Similar results were obtained for the male high post duck test, with daily gains increased by 16.92% and feed utilization increased by 7.26%. Adding 500 mg/kg of daidzein to the diet of boar can increase the serum total growth hormone level by 37.52%, and the concentration of metabolites, urea nitrogen and cholesterol, decreased significantly. 2. Effects on production performance of laying poultry The experiment showed that the appropriate amount of daidzein (3- 6 mg/kg) in the late stage of laying can prolong the laying period and increase the laying rate, egg weight and feed conversion rate. The addition of 6 mg/kg daidzein to the quail diet increased the egg production rate by 10.3% (P 3. Effect of daidzein on gestating sows. Traditional pig production, although it pays attention to postpartum feeding, lacks the possibility of piglet growth through the sow route. The means of regulation, through the regulation of maternal neuroendocrine, changing the secretion of nutrients, promoting fetal growth and improving the quality and quantity of lactation is an important step that can not be neglected to improve pig production efficiency. Experiments have shown that pregnant sows are fed with soybeans. After flavonoids, the plasma insulin levels of sows decreased, and IGF levels increased. The lactation levels at day 10 and day 20 in sows were 10.57% and 14.67% higher than those in the control group. Compared with the control, GH, IGF, TSH, and The content of PRL increased significantly, but there was no significant change in protein content.In addition, maternal antibody levels in colostrum increased and the survival rate of piglets increased. Soybean isoflavones can act directly on lymphocytes, for PH The promotion of A-induced lymphocyte transformation ability can be increased by 210%. Soybean isoflavones have a significant effect on the overall immunity and mammary organ immune function. The antiswine antibodies in the blood of pregnant sows in the experimental group increased by approximately 41%. Colostrum In the increase of 44% 4. Impact on young animals In the past, the cultivation of young animals was generally started after birth, but in theory, this was later, experiments have shown that treatment of pregnant sows with soy isoflavones not only makes Increased lactation, increased maternal antibody in milk, and birth weight and 20-day weight of piglets treated with sows were significantly higher than those in the control group, and growth of littermates was increased by 11% in the colostrum, and the survival rate of piglets at 20 days increased. 7.25% (96.2% vs 89.7%); Weaned piglet diets supplemented with 5 mg/kg soy isoflavones, male weaned pigs gained 59.15%, 18.41%, and 17.92% of their daily gain, testosterone, and serum calcium, respectively, whereas females It increased by -26.39%, -6.86%, and 6.47%, respectively, which opened up new ways for piglet breeding. 5. Studies on the effects of ruminants show that soy isoflavones can directly affect the main digestive enzyme activities of rumen microbes. , Digestive function improvement, In vivo tests Male buffalo and sheep, soy isoflavones treatment can cause a significant increase in testosterone levels, while increasing rumen microbial protein, total volatile fatty acid levels, and improving the growth and production capacity of ruminants. The application of feed additives in animal production has just begun, so the mechanism of action is still not clear, such as its specific role in promoting animal growth and reproductive function, interaction with other feed ingredients, and the suitability of different animals at different stages and genders. Addition amount has not been reported, but only from a small range of tests has proven that daidzein comes from natural, safe and no side effects, has a variety of physiological functions, and is a gene-initiated additive, it should be further studied to make it as soon as possible A new type of additive.
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