(continued)
Third, feed issues
Feed is the material basis for aquaculture, and each breed has different nutritional requirements for feed because of its different characteristics. Moreover, the nutritional requirements of the same variety at different stages of growth are different. Under the conditions of numerous aquaculture species, the basic research on nutrient requirements of major aquaculture species in China has so far been insufficient, and the management of feed production industry is not sound enough. Therefore, each feed manufacturer has its own governance and different standards, with different ingredients and raw materials. Ultra-standard use of synthetic growth promoters. As a result, the nutrients may not necessarily meet the needs, the raw materials or feeds may be deteriorated, or the added adhesives and Other chemical substances may not meet the standards, or the added drugs may not be standardized. The impact on production is: (1) First, it is a nutritional disease, liver disease such as fatty liver, high-sugar liver, or excessive accumulation of body fat, or many vitamin deficiencies, or poor growth, etc. Wait. (2) Decreased constitution of cultured species, vulnerability to infection by pathogens, and impaired survival rate. As a result, farmers increased their drug use and caused an increase in residual levels. (3) The final product contains substances that are harmful to the human body. In order to ensure healthy breeding, the following measures must be taken in the feed sector:
1. First of all, the nutrient needs of the cultured species must be clearly understood, and the corresponding feed formulation must be determined based on the cultured species and the nutritional needs at different stages. The formula should be scientific and reasonable. At the same time, it calls for the need to increase basic research on feed and nutrition in aquaculture.
2. Raw materials for feed production should be strictly controlled, and raw materials that are deteriorating, contaminated, and do not meet the requirements should be rejected.
3. The use of additives (nutritional and non-nutrient additives such as vitamins, mineral salts, antibiotics, adhesives, natural growth promoters) must be compliant, especially the latter three. Chemically synthesized adhesives, which contain a lot of impurities or do not meet health standards, must not be used. Antibiotics used in pharmaceutical baits should not be abused. To understand their residual characteristics and compliance with the veterinary pharmacopoeia, there must be sufficient withdrawal periods (15-20 days) before marketing.
4. The storage of finished feed should be used within the specified time, and can not be used after expiration or deterioration.
5. For some substances that need to be added at the time of feeding (such as oils), the product description should clearly indicate: the amount, type, ratio, and requirement of addition cannot be arbitrarily added.
6. Animal or vegetable feeds used to reduce feed costs, or to increase feed efficiency, or to make full use of local natural resources in aquaculture must be guaranteed to be non-destructive, non-polluting and suitable for use.
7. Local fishery or agricultural authorities and feed inspection and supervision departments shall strictly regulate and manage local feed manufacturers in accordance with national or local standards and conduct management according to law. The same must be regulated management of sales businesses, the sale of counterfeit products is strictly prohibited.
8. Scientific feed feeding: From the perspective of breeding, it is still necessary to adhere to a reasonable scientific feeding method (“Four Dingâ€) in order to reduce the disease, increase the survival rate, and reduce the use of drugs to ensure the health status of cultured species.
Fourth, disease prevention and medication problems
There are many kinds of aquatic products, and the culture environment is divided into seawater, freshwater and brackish water. In the whole breeding process, due to factors such as seedlings, feed, management, technology, water quality, temperature and climate, there will be more or less diseases. Seriously affect the survival rate and yield, or even out of production, so disease prevention and treatment is an important task in aquaculture. In order to increase production and efficiency and improve the quality of aquatic products, the principle of prevention shall be advocated for the aquatic products cultivated. Once the disease needs to be correctly diagnosed, drugs should be selected for treatment, and the drugs used should be used to maximize the effectiveness of the drugs. Residue is reduced to the lowest level. From the perspective of healthy breeding, the following measures should be implemented:
1. Correctly diagnose the cause, select drugs reasonably, and strictly control the adaptability and physical and chemical characteristics of the drug. The correct diagnosis is the successful treatment and the first condition. Infectious diseases include: bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and pathogens. It should be noted that it takes a certain amount of time for the drug to exert its effect, and it cannot be expected that the day of drug use will be rapid and effective. Sometimes, deaths will increase after one or two days of drug use. If the drug dose is within the safe range, it may be due to The drug kills pathogenic bacteria in the animal body and prompts the bacterial cell to release endotoxin at the same time, causing animal death from acute poisoning. In this case, the mortality rate will generally decline after 3-4 days; otherwise, the drug dose should be considered too large. In the later stages of the disease, mixed infections of multiple pathogens often occur. Clinically, there are rotting diseases caused by the combined infection of trichoderma and bacteria, and enteritis caused by mixed infection of viruses and bacteria. At this time, there must be treatment programs for different pathogens. After the correct diagnosis, drugs are selected according to the adaptation of the drug, and a reasonable method of administration is adopted.
2, the use of drugs should not be as soon as possible Delay in the first appearance of the animal is generally the symptoms of loss of appetite, it can not eat baits, oral drugs do not work on the diseased animals, the disease has been difficult to cure. The drugs used for the prevention of animal disease has not yet played a protective role, so the real treatment of farmed animals is very small, so the prevention of aquaculture is more important than the importance of treatment. After the onset of the disease, the good fruit is treated too late and the incidence rate will increase rapidly, which will bring difficulties to the treatment.
3. Oral administration of external medications in combination with two administrations has different effects. For bacterial diseases, whether it is a body surface infection or a systemic infection, it should be combined with oral administration and external use. For surface parasitic infections, generally only topical drugs can be used, but sometimes oral administration can also be effective.
4. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of comprehensive therapeutic measures in the application of antibacterial drugs in the treatment of bacterial diseases. It is necessary to fully recognize the importance of the animal's own immunity. Over-reliance on the efficacy of antibiotics, neglecting feeding management and improving the water quality environment are often the main factors of failure. 5. Pay attention to the selection of various types of drugs The selected drugs should be listed in the Veterinary Pharmacopoeia and use Chinese medicine as much as possible, or use drugs that have been clinically tested, have good safety, quality assurance, low residue, and short residue time. The residue standard and degree of drugs should be known, and the characteristics of commonly used drugs in aquaculture should be better understood. If necessary, there is a withdrawal period to avoid blind drug use.
Third, feed issues
Feed is the material basis for aquaculture, and each breed has different nutritional requirements for feed because of its different characteristics. Moreover, the nutritional requirements of the same variety at different stages of growth are different. Under the conditions of numerous aquaculture species, the basic research on nutrient requirements of major aquaculture species in China has so far been insufficient, and the management of feed production industry is not sound enough. Therefore, each feed manufacturer has its own governance and different standards, with different ingredients and raw materials. Ultra-standard use of synthetic growth promoters. As a result, the nutrients may not necessarily meet the needs, the raw materials or feeds may be deteriorated, or the added adhesives and Other chemical substances may not meet the standards, or the added drugs may not be standardized. The impact on production is: (1) First, it is a nutritional disease, liver disease such as fatty liver, high-sugar liver, or excessive accumulation of body fat, or many vitamin deficiencies, or poor growth, etc. Wait. (2) Decreased constitution of cultured species, vulnerability to infection by pathogens, and impaired survival rate. As a result, farmers increased their drug use and caused an increase in residual levels. (3) The final product contains substances that are harmful to the human body. In order to ensure healthy breeding, the following measures must be taken in the feed sector:
1. First of all, the nutrient needs of the cultured species must be clearly understood, and the corresponding feed formulation must be determined based on the cultured species and the nutritional needs at different stages. The formula should be scientific and reasonable. At the same time, it calls for the need to increase basic research on feed and nutrition in aquaculture.
2. Raw materials for feed production should be strictly controlled, and raw materials that are deteriorating, contaminated, and do not meet the requirements should be rejected.
3. The use of additives (nutritional and non-nutrient additives such as vitamins, mineral salts, antibiotics, adhesives, natural growth promoters) must be compliant, especially the latter three. Chemically synthesized adhesives, which contain a lot of impurities or do not meet health standards, must not be used. Antibiotics used in pharmaceutical baits should not be abused. To understand their residual characteristics and compliance with the veterinary pharmacopoeia, there must be sufficient withdrawal periods (15-20 days) before marketing.
4. The storage of finished feed should be used within the specified time, and can not be used after expiration or deterioration.
5. For some substances that need to be added at the time of feeding (such as oils), the product description should clearly indicate: the amount, type, ratio, and requirement of addition cannot be arbitrarily added.
6. Animal or vegetable feeds used to reduce feed costs, or to increase feed efficiency, or to make full use of local natural resources in aquaculture must be guaranteed to be non-destructive, non-polluting and suitable for use.
7. Local fishery or agricultural authorities and feed inspection and supervision departments shall strictly regulate and manage local feed manufacturers in accordance with national or local standards and conduct management according to law. The same must be regulated management of sales businesses, the sale of counterfeit products is strictly prohibited.
8. Scientific feed feeding: From the perspective of breeding, it is still necessary to adhere to a reasonable scientific feeding method (“Four Dingâ€) in order to reduce the disease, increase the survival rate, and reduce the use of drugs to ensure the health status of cultured species.
Fourth, disease prevention and medication problems
There are many kinds of aquatic products, and the culture environment is divided into seawater, freshwater and brackish water. In the whole breeding process, due to factors such as seedlings, feed, management, technology, water quality, temperature and climate, there will be more or less diseases. Seriously affect the survival rate and yield, or even out of production, so disease prevention and treatment is an important task in aquaculture. In order to increase production and efficiency and improve the quality of aquatic products, the principle of prevention shall be advocated for the aquatic products cultivated. Once the disease needs to be correctly diagnosed, drugs should be selected for treatment, and the drugs used should be used to maximize the effectiveness of the drugs. Residue is reduced to the lowest level. From the perspective of healthy breeding, the following measures should be implemented:
1. Correctly diagnose the cause, select drugs reasonably, and strictly control the adaptability and physical and chemical characteristics of the drug. The correct diagnosis is the successful treatment and the first condition. Infectious diseases include: bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and pathogens. It should be noted that it takes a certain amount of time for the drug to exert its effect, and it cannot be expected that the day of drug use will be rapid and effective. Sometimes, deaths will increase after one or two days of drug use. If the drug dose is within the safe range, it may be due to The drug kills pathogenic bacteria in the animal body and prompts the bacterial cell to release endotoxin at the same time, causing animal death from acute poisoning. In this case, the mortality rate will generally decline after 3-4 days; otherwise, the drug dose should be considered too large. In the later stages of the disease, mixed infections of multiple pathogens often occur. Clinically, there are rotting diseases caused by the combined infection of trichoderma and bacteria, and enteritis caused by mixed infection of viruses and bacteria. At this time, there must be treatment programs for different pathogens. After the correct diagnosis, drugs are selected according to the adaptation of the drug, and a reasonable method of administration is adopted.
2, the use of drugs should not be as soon as possible Delay in the first appearance of the animal is generally the symptoms of loss of appetite, it can not eat baits, oral drugs do not work on the diseased animals, the disease has been difficult to cure. The drugs used for the prevention of animal disease has not yet played a protective role, so the real treatment of farmed animals is very small, so the prevention of aquaculture is more important than the importance of treatment. After the onset of the disease, the good fruit is treated too late and the incidence rate will increase rapidly, which will bring difficulties to the treatment.
3. Oral administration of external medications in combination with two administrations has different effects. For bacterial diseases, whether it is a body surface infection or a systemic infection, it should be combined with oral administration and external use. For surface parasitic infections, generally only topical drugs can be used, but sometimes oral administration can also be effective.
4. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of comprehensive therapeutic measures in the application of antibacterial drugs in the treatment of bacterial diseases. It is necessary to fully recognize the importance of the animal's own immunity. Over-reliance on the efficacy of antibiotics, neglecting feeding management and improving the water quality environment are often the main factors of failure. 5. Pay attention to the selection of various types of drugs The selected drugs should be listed in the Veterinary Pharmacopoeia and use Chinese medicine as much as possible, or use drugs that have been clinically tested, have good safety, quality assurance, low residue, and short residue time. The residue standard and degree of drugs should be known, and the characteristics of commonly used drugs in aquaculture should be better understood. If necessary, there is a withdrawal period to avoid blind drug use.
Rich Farmer International Trade Co., Ltd. , http://www.jnfreshfruit.com