Feed safety is a guarantee of animal food safety. The so-called feed safety, usually refers to the feed products (including feed and feed additives) does not contain toxic, harmful substances or factors that cause actual harm to the health of the animals, and will not remain, accumulate and transfer in the culture products; feed products and The use of aquaculture products produced from feed products will not endanger human health or adversely affect human living conditions.
Feed Safety Status and Consequences In 2002, China's total meat production was 65.5 million tons, the total egg production was 23.6 million tons, and the total milk production was 13.5 million tons, ranking the first in the world. However, the quality of our livestock products is far from satisfactory. For example, the product has a low lean meat rate and low water system; bad flavor, large drug residues, and inadequate health and disease control. In the international community, the spectre of mad cow disease in the UK has rekindled the epidemic of the European cattle industry; the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the UK has led to heavy losses in the livestock industry in the UK; the dioxin event led the Belgian government to resign; the Clenbuterol HCl incident. This caused poisoning in 17 people in Hong Kong and poisoning in 63 people in Zhejiang. The outbreak of bird flu in Asia caused many people to talk about "avian" discoloration. Whether in the past or in the future, the development of safe and efficient feed and aquaculture, providing consumers with healthy, high-quality animal products has always been the fundamental and long-term economic growth point for domestic and foreign animal husbandry.
Residues and enrichment of harmful substances in feeds and feed additives, alternating infections of bacteria, and resistance and ecological effects directly harm human health; the use of additives such as high-copper and high-zinc, and the use of organic arsenic in large quantities have caused environmental problems. The serious pollution; foreign developed countries attach great importance to feed hygiene and safety, drug residue hazards, has been proposed to banned more than one hundred kinds of veterinary drugs, hormones, pesticides, insecticides. The problem of livestock and poultry product safety in China directly affects the foreign exchange earned through exports, and restricts the further development and expansion of the aquaculture industry. The safety of feed products affects the safety of animal and animal foods to a large extent, and it is related to the human living environment and its own safety. Therefore, feed safety has become a major issue for the feed industry at present and in the coming years.
> The reasons for the occurrence of feed safety problems
Natural toxic and harmful substances in feedstuff Feed ingredients often contain one or more naturally occurring toxic and harmful substances, such as alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, gossypol, tannins, protease inhibitors, phytic acid, and toxic nitro groups in plant feeds. Compounds, etc.; ammonia, anti-sulfurin and anti-biotin in animal feed. These toxic and harmful substances can cause a variety of hazards and effects on animal organisms. Lighter ones reduce the nutritional value of feed and affect animal performance. In severe cases, acute or sub-acute poisoning of animals is caused, causing cancer and even death.
Feed biocontamination Feed (raw materials) may cause mildew and contamination of feed during storage, processing, and transportation. For example, bacteria, molds, viruses, toxoplasma, and other pathogens in feed may enter the digestive tract and cause digestive tract. Infection, infectious infectious diseases such as salmonella poisoning occur. Some bacteria multiply in the feed and produce bacterial toxins, which are caused by bacterial toxins caused by the corresponding pathogenesis, such as bacterial exotoxin poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin and the like. Metabolic products such as molds and mycotoxins produced during the mildew process can deteriorate the sensory traits of the feed, such as irritating odors, color abnormalities, stickiness, and agglomeration. As a result, feed palatability declines. After the animals ingest mold-contaminated feed, mycotoxins and their metabolites can be detected in the liver, kidney, muscle, breast milk, and poultry eggs, resulting in contamination of animal foods.
Feed non-biological pollution of a variety of chemical substances such as toxic heavy metals and non-metallic, some organic or inorganic compounds can contaminate the feed, seriously affecting the safety of feed. Excessive use of chlorine-containing pesticides, chlorine-containing wastes such as plastics at temperatures below 850°C, pulp bleaching, the use of chlorine-containing detergents and automobile exhaust during industrial smelting, can produce dioxins and dioxins. Particles can contaminate crops and accumulate in feed. Most of the drug additives themselves have a strong toxic effect, and it can be described as "the drug is a three-point poison." Such as penicillin potassium, cephalosporins and other large use will induce the body to produce β-lactamase, so that the penicillin lactam structure destruction and loss of activity, resulting in penicillin, cephalosporin resistance increased; furazolidone, kanamycin Such drugs can inhibit the proliferation of animal B lymphocytes and can affect the immune effect of vaccines; sulfa drugs also damage kidney function and hematopoietic system. High copper preparations are widely used in pig feeds, which not only promote the growth of pigs, but also make feces black and increase the commercial properties of pig feed. Some manufacturers not only add high copper to feeds for piglets and growing pigs, but also use high-copper preparations in fattening pigs, broilers and other feeds, although they do not significantly improve production performance. Usually, 410-6 copper is contained in the finishing pig feed to meet the need. When the copper content is too high, attention must also be paid to the addition of iron and zinc. According to statistics, when the copper content is as high as 25010-6, pig fat can be softened, affecting the shape of the carcass. The United States does not want to use high-copper formulations in feeds, and the United Kingdom limits copper to less than 16010-6. Although China has not banned, it is expressly stipulated that the maximum amount of copper in piglet feed should be less than 20010-6, and other livestock and poultry should be less than 15010-6. Due to the special commercial requirements of pig farmers for the darkening of pig feed manure, it is difficult for ordinary farmers to use high copper, but it is not possible to use large copper preparations for large pig farms. Adding blood meal to the pig's feed also makes the pig's feces darker and less copper. There are many manufacturers that use high-zinc preparations (zinc greater than 100010-6) in suckling pig feed, so that a large amount of zinc will be excreted with the feces and cause environmental pollution.
The use of illicit banned and phase-out drug HCL-clenbuterol, which is marketed as trastuzumab, anthramol, and clenbuterol, is a beta-adrenergic agonist or nutrient redistribution agent. Increase lean meat and reduce fat. Although China has banned the use of Clenbuterol, it has been reported. The use of hormones as a growth-promoting agent in cattle feed has been known for many years, but in recent years, the EU believes that consumption of hormone-containing beef may cause cancer or other serious diseases in humans. Such beef contains estradiol, progesterone, Testosterone, mycotenone and other hormones can disrupt the human endocrine and cause cancer and teratogenicity.
Irrational and misuse of antibiotics, failure to comply with regulations due to the implementation of the appropriate withdrawal period before or before the sale of the discontinuation of drugs not only for veterinary drugs but also for drug additives, while a considerable part of farms (households) use feed containing drug additives, but few According to the provisions of the implementation of the withdrawal period, the usual 4-7 days withdrawal period is virtually nullified. Feel free to increase the amount of medication. Due to the existence of drug resistance, the dosage is not increased, and the effect is less and less obvious. That is, increasing the dose of the drug can increase the effect, so it is generally added in excess, and the treatment amount is sometimes treated as a long-term addition amount. The common olaquindox poisoning is an example. Another example is when oxytetracycline is used to treat diseases, 0.1% can be added to the feed, usually 3-5 days. When used as a feed additive, it is 10-15 g/ton, and the dosage is often increased for long-term addition. Low level medication. The use of this should not be used indiscriminately. For example, the use of disinfectants, insect repellents, etc., still stays in a very primitive state, and do not need to be used in the event of illness. When he became ill, he also abused antibiotics. Not only increase the dose arbitrarily, but also engage in arbitrary compound preparations, but also a large number of human drugs.
Possible Potential Hazards of Transgenic Feeds for Genetically Modified Feeds: (1) Whether genes will be transferred to plants or bacteria. (2) The direct anti-nutritional effect of transgenic feeds on humans and even animals, for example, anti-agglutinin (anti-nutritional factors of insects) in wheat can produce anti-nutritional effects in rats. The management is backward, and the detection and monitoring systems are incomplete, all affecting the safety of feed and feed additives. Although there are "feed hygiene standards" and "veterinary drug management regulations," they are obviously lagging behind development. The "Regulations on the Administration of Veterinary Drugs" was issued more than a decade ago. It has a very limited understanding and results in the management of feed, veterinary drugs, human medicine, food and other aspects being cut off from each other. When it comes to the interests of various departments, they must fight for each other's interests and win the battle. All departments can't control things. They dodge each other and no one cares, which ultimately results in management gaps. On the surface, the motivation of producers, operators, and users, as well as various intentional or unintentional irregular behaviors, are the direct causes of the quality and safety issues of China's feed products at this stage. However, further analysis can reveal that China currently has a series of problems in the basic work of feed product research and scientific research, as well as in the development mode of feed industry and related industries, as well as in the management system and management methods, such as weak research and technology promotion. The development of feed and aquaculture industry lacks sufficient technical support; the situation of disorderly competition among manufacturing enterprises has not changed; the internal impetus for enterprises to improve product quality is insufficient; production, circulation, and consumption are out of step, increasing the risk of feed safety; The production mode of aquaculture based on free-range farming has increased the difficulty of technical services and supervision and management; the industry and quality standards systems are not perfect; supervision, management, and service functions need to be strengthened; the work between departments and regions is inconsistent, and feed safety supervision There are serious institutional obstacles. All these have objectively contributed to the breeding of food safety problems.
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