2017 "Top Ten Science and Technology Progress of Chinese Colleges and Universities" was announced!
December 27, 2017 Source: Ministry of Education
Window._bd_share_config={ "common":{ "bdSnsKey":{ },"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":" 0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{ }};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')) .src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];Recently, the 2017 “Top Ten Science and Technology Progress of Chinese Higher Education Schools†organized by the Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of Education was announced in Beijing after the review process of university application and publicity, formal examination, initial evaluation of the department, and final review of the project. Among them, 3 items in the biomedical field were selected!
The evaluation of “Top Ten Scientific and Technological Progress of Chinese Higher Education†has been selected since the launch in 1998. It has been played for 20 times. This selection activity has played a positive role in improving the overall level of science and technology in higher education institutions and enhancing the scientific and technological innovation ability of colleges and universities. The big social impact has won a high reputation.
The list of selected projects for 2017 (attached) will be announced. The list of selected projects is sorted according to the order of the host units in alphabetical order, ranking in no particular order.
List of “Top Ten Science and Technology Progress of Chinese Higher Education†in 2017
Note: According to the order of the reporting host, the ranking is in no particular order.
2017 “Introduction to the Top Ten Science and Technology Progress of Chinese Higher Educationâ€
I. Research on the new principle of asymmetric microcavity light field regulation
Conservation of momentum is one of the objective laws of nature. It reflects the nature of time and space. The generalized momentum of a closed system always remains unchanged. As one of the main physical systems for enhancing the interaction between light and matter, the direct coupling of the optical microcavity to the external light field needs to meet the momentum matching condition, but it is often only implemented in a narrow spectral range, making the microcavity broadband photophysics and application face challenge.
Peking University's "Extreme Optical Innovation Research Team", Academician Gong Qihuang and Xiao Yunfeng, proposed a new chaotic-assisted photon momentum conversion principle in asymmetric optical microcavities, and realized efficient and ultra-wide spectral coupling of optical microcavities. The asymmetric optical microcavity breaks the spatial rotational symmetry and regulates the local light field, thus obtaining the quasi-continuous chaos mode while supporting the discrete whispering gallery mode. The photons are first refracted from the nano-waveguide into the microcavity chaotic mode; the chaotic motion causes the incident photon angular momentum to rapidly increase in the picosecond time scale; the dynamic tunneling process then achieves efficient coupling with the whispering gallery mode. Chaotic-assisted coupling no longer requires momentum matching between microcavities and waveguide mode photons, and is expected to play an important role in integrated photonics and information processing. In addition, they also used the nonlinear modulation of the optical Kerr effect to observe the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the microcavity light field for the first time, and obtained the microcavity chiral field.
The research results were published in "Science" and "Physical Review Letter" respectively, and received extensive attention from the international academic community. They were featured by more than ten international science and technology media such as Phys.org and ScienceDailey, marking the new research of microcavity optics in China. height.
Second, 5 nanometer carbon nanotube CMOS device
Chips are the foundation and driving force of the information age, and existing CMOS technology will touch its limits. Carbon nanotube technology is considered an important option in the post-Moore era. Theoretical studies have shown that carbon nanotube transistors are expected to provide higher performance and lower power consumption, and easier to achieve three-dimensional integration, the system-level comprehensive advantages will be thousands of times, and the chip technology may be upgraded to a new level. Professor Peng Lianmao from the Department of Electronics of Peking University made a major breakthrough in the physics and preparation technology of carbon nanotubes CMOS devices and the exploration of performance limits. The traditional doping process was abandoned, and the polarity of the transistors was controlled by controlling the electrode materials to suppress short trenches. The channel effect, for the first time, realizes a high-performance carbon nanotube transistor with a 5 nm gate length. The performance surpasses the best silicon-based transistor at present, which is close to the physical limit determined by the principle of quantum mechanics. It is expected to push CMOS technology to the technology node below 3 nm. On January 20, 2017, the iconic results were titled Scaling carbon nanotube complementary transistors to 5-nm gate lengths, published online in Science (Science, 2017, 355: 271-276); included by IBM researchers His peers were publicly quoted 24 times in journals such as Science, Nature, and Nanotechnology, and were selected as ESI Highly Cited Papers. Relevant work was reported by mainstream academic media such as Nature Index, IEEE Spectrum, Nano Today, Science and Technology Daily, and Xinhua News Agency; People's Daily (overseas version) evaluated the working speed of carbon nanotube transistors as Intel's most advanced 14 nanometer. Three times the commercial silicon material transistor, and energy consumption is only a quarter of it, which means that Chinese scientists "are expected to catch up with foreign counterparts in chip technology", "is a new milestone in the development of China's information technology."
Third, early intervention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the third leading cause of death in China. The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Chinese population aged 40 and over is 8.2%, and 70.6% of the early patients with insignificant symptoms are mild or not. Obvious symptoms are easily overlooked and missed. When patients have obvious symptoms such as shortness of breath and take the initiative to seek medical treatment, most of them are in the middle and late stages of the disease. The patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have poor treatment effect, and the mortality, rehospitalization rate and disability rate are high. Society brings a heavy burden.
The Qixin team of Guangzhou Medical University conducted a multi-center clinical trial for patients with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with no obvious symptoms. It was found that inhaled anticholinergic drug tiotropium can significantly improve lung function and quality of life in patients with early COPD. The annual decline in lung function reduces acute exacerbations. In view of the low popularity of pulmonary function tests in China and the high rate of missed diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a slow-resistance lung screening technique in line with national conditions was developed to provide support for early diagnosis and early intervention. In order to cooperate with drug treatment, a community segment was established. The layer-precision integrated prevention and treatment model found that reducing biofuel smoke exposure can reduce the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
This study first proposed an early intervention strategy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is recommended that early-stage screening should be conducted for high-risk groups of long-term smoking, exposure to polluted air and biofuel smoke, etc. Once diagnosed, even if there are no obvious respiratory symptoms, it is advisable to start smoking cessation and reduce biofuel smoke exposure. Comprehensive interventions such as drug treatment prevent further decline in lung function and disease development, and improve the comprehensive prevention and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Fourth, the key technology and industrialization of high-performance CNC system
The high-performance CNC system is the basis for the development of high-end manufacturing equipment and represents the core competitiveness of the national manufacturing industry. High-performance CNC systems and machine tools such as high-speed and high-precision, five-axis linkage, multi-axis and multi-channel are the bottlenecks, which seriously affect the development of China's society and economy.
Under the support of national major science and technology projects and enterprises, Professor Chen Jihong from Huazhong University of Science and Technology team jointly researched and developed the series of high-performance CNC system products. Construction of all-digital, open CNC system software and hardware platform; development of multi-axis linkage, multi-channel and other control functions, to achieve complex trajectory motion control; proposed high-speed nano-interpolation method based on flexible acceleration and deceleration, development of high-speed, high-precision, High-rigidity drive control technology; the invention is based on the instruction field big data analysis method, and realizes the intelligent application of CNC machine tool health assessment, broken knife monitoring and process parameter optimization. It won 1 second prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award and 5 first prizes of provincial and ministerial level, and formed 13 national and industry standards.
The results have been applied to nearly 100,000 sets in more than 2,000 enterprises such as Shenfei, Chengfei, Aerospace Eighth, Nuclear Nine, and Pushinjiang, achieving aerospace, energy and power, automobiles and their parts, 3C manufacturing, and machine tools. The high-end numerical control equipment and weapons and equipment in the field have applied important technical guarantees for the independent control of high-end CNC equipment in China. Appraised by China Machinery Industry Federation, its function, performance and reliability have reached the advanced level in foreign countries and can replace imports. In the field of processing and manufacturing in the aerospace field, the domestic high-end CNC has achieved a “zero breakthroughâ€.
V. Deep sea high-precision underwater acoustic comprehensive positioning technology
Under the guidance of the deep-sea high-precision hydroacoustic comprehensive positioning system developed by Harbin Engineering University, China’s “Deep Sea Warrior†manned submersible quickly found the planned seabed target in the depth of 3500m in the South China Sea on September 29 this year. “The needle in a haystack†marks that China's deep sea high-precision underwater acoustic positioning equipment and technology have reached the international leading level.
Sound waves are by far the only effective information carrier under water. Deep sea high-precision underwater acoustic positioning is the key to human beings relying on many underwater submersibles to enter the deep sea, detect deep seas and develop deep seas. However, to achieve the same level of positioning performance with satellites under water, it is necessary to overcome the challenges of complex underwater acoustic channel environment, serious interference of underwater acoustic platform and difficulties in implementing independent intellectual property rights systems.
After eight years of hard work, Professor Sun Dajun's team has overcome key technologies such as deep sea high-precision ultra-short baseline positioning (winning the second prize of 2016 National Technology Invention), integrated ultra-short baseline array of water surface and comprehensive positioning of long-base array of seabed distribution. It solves the problem of large-time asynchronous high-precision positioning caused by slow ocean sound velocity and platform motion, and developed a hydroacoustic integrated positioning system with independent intellectual property rights (6 authorized invention patents in 2017), with deep sea positioning accuracy of 0.3 meters and positioning. With an efficiency of over 90%, the comprehensive technology level has entered the world's leading ranks. Successfully supported the just-concluded China’s “Deep Sea Warrior†manned deep dive pilot test and China’s most advanced scientific research ship “Science No.†Nanhai comprehensive investigation scientific investigation two missions, for the development of the 10,000-meter abyss of the Mariana Trench in China "Scientific exploration and other deep-sea practices have laid a solid foundation for technology and equipment.
Six-way high-speed satellite communication technology
The two-way high-speed laser communication system technology of high-altitude satellite is one of the frontier scientific fields related to the national overall and long-term development strategy. The successful completion of the project marks that China has reached the international advanced stage in the field of space laser communication, and is another in the field of satellite communication. New milestone.
Satellite laser communication has the advantages of large communication capacity, long transmission distance and good confidentiality. It is an irreplaceable means of building space information highways and a frontier science and technology in the international information field. High-orbit satellite laser communication needs to achieve high-precision capture between satellite and ground station, and effectively overcome the influence of satellite motion, platform jitter, complex space environment and other factors, and maintain the high-precision and stable alignment of the laser beam, which is extremely difficult. It is a hot spot for countries to compete for development.
On April 12, 2017, the laser communication terminal developed by Tan Liying team of Harbin Institute of Technology was launched into the orbit with satellites. From May to August 2017, the high-orbiting two-way high-speed laser communication system realized “precise alignment, stable maintenance, and high-speed communication†between the satellite and the ground station at a distance of nearly 40,000 kilometers. The two-way high-speed information transmission channel established by the laser beam successfully carries out the communication data transmission, real-time forwarding and store-and-forward of the highest transmission data rate of 5 Gbps per second, which is the highest transmission data of the international high-orbit satellite laser communication. The rate, performance and technical indicators have reached the international leading level.
The two-way high-speed laser communication system of the high-altitude satellite has established a high-speed backbone channel of the Tongtian chain in the Tiandi information network, which lays an important foundation for the establishment of the integrated information network in the future.
Seven, "bait mode" - a new mechanism of pathogenic bacteria
The crop disease caused by Phytophthora has been called the “plant plagueâ€, which is a serious threat to global food and ecological security. In the mid-19th century, the European potato late blight epidemic caused millions of people to starve or flee. This “Irish famine†"It is called the turning point of human history. The annual global economic losses caused by the disease are still more than 20 billion US dollars. The crop disease broke out quickly in the field, spread quickly, and the damage was serious. Due to the complex genome of Phytophthora, the lack of understanding of the pathogenic mechanism seriously restricted the development of prevention and control technology.
Wang Yuanchao, a team from Nanjing Agricultural University, systematically studied the mechanism of the Phytophthora effector on the main weapon "effector" of Phytophthora attacking plants. It was found that the epidemic bacteria can degrade the plant cell wall to the extracellular secretory glycosyl hydrolase XEG1 during the infection process. The plant secretes the protease inhibitor GIP1 to inhibit the activity of XEG1; the inactivated mutant XLP1, which secretes hydrolase by the pathogen, acts as a "bait" to interfere with the defense response, and synergizes with XEG1 to attack plant disease resistance. In addition, it was also found that Phytophthora secretes effector to host cells to interfere with histone acetylation and other methods to destroy plant disease resistance.
The results were published in "Science", "Current Biology" and "New Phytologist" in 2017, and were reviewed by various journals such as Nature Chemical Biology. The "bait mode" discovered in this study is a new pathogenic mechanism of pathogens and a major theoretical breakthrough in the field of biological interaction in recent years. Because the mechanism is universal in pathogenic bacteria, it not only has guiding significance for improving the crop's long-term disease resistance, but also provides new clues for the development of new biological pesticides, and has potential application prospects in the field of crop green production.
Eight, eukaryotic yeast long chromosome chemical reengineering
Genomic design and synthesis is a new design and de novo construction of the genome, capable of shaping life on demand, opening the door to the transformation from non-living matter to living matter, and promoting life science research from understanding life to creating life. Genomic design and synthesis provides new ideas for deepening understanding of basic scientific issues such as life evolution, genomic and functional relationships. However, the combination of genes is difficult to accurately synthesize long chromosomes, and to synthesize chromosomes to cause cell inactivation.
Yuan Yingjin from Tianjin University, Yang Huanming from Shenzhen Huada Gene Research Institute, Dai Junyi from Tsinghua University, etc., after more than five years of exploration, completed the chemical synthesis of four long chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: creating a rapid localization method for genomic defect targets Co-transformation with multi-target fragments to accurately repair the technology, solve the problem of chemical synthesis of long chromosomes leading to cell inactivation, and achieve a complete match between the long chromosome synthesis sequence and the design sequence. A multi-level modular and parallel chromosome synthesis strategy was created to enable rapid custom synthesis from small molecular nucleotides to eukaryotic long chromosomes. Artificial ring chromosomes were constructed to establish a research model for the mechanism and potential therapeutic methods of currently untreated chromosomal looping diseases.
The study published four "Science" papers in long form on March 10, 2017, which attracted great attention from domestic and foreign experts and media. "Science", "Nature", "Nature Biotechnology", "NatureReviews Genetics" Journals such as "Molecular Cell" are highly rated.
9. Coal supercritical water gasification hydrogen production multi-generation technology
On December 25th, 2016, Professor Xia Lijin, a professor of Xi'an Jiaotong University, proposed a “coal supercritical water gasification hydrogen production multi-generation technology†that was successfully developed by the team for 20 years and was transferred to the industrialized investment group. Shaanxi Zhonghe Jiaotong University, which officially launched the industrialization of the technology. In the past year, the team has continued to tackle the problem and developed a system integration and matching method for large-scale engineering and joint production of the technology. It solved the key technologies and auxiliary supporting engineering technologies existing in the industrialization, and completed the cogeneration, hydrogen and heat cogeneration. The technical design of large-scale large-scale engineering demonstration devices promoted the industrialization investment group. Shaanxi Zhongheng Jiaoda Co., Ltd., together with Xi'an City Investment Group and Yulin Environmental Protection Group, invested 420 million yuan and 500 million yuan to develop two types of cogeneration systems: thermoelectricity and hydrogen heat. The construction of the first demonstration project.
The technology can solve the pollutants and dust emissions of SOx, NOx and the like which cause smog from the source. The mixed product gas composed of supercritical water, H2 and CO2 can be used for hydrogen production, power generation, heat supply and steam supply. The process can naturally realize the enrichment and resource utilization of CO2, which can improve the coal-electricity conversion efficiency of the generator set by at least five percentage points, reduce the investment by 30%, save water and operate at lower cost. The third-party argumentation expert group believes that "the technology has completely independent intellectual property rights, technology is feasible, and economics is reasonable." Investors believe that the technology "achieves the efficient, clean and pollution-free use of coal energy, will inevitably bring about profound changes in energy technology and make a great contribution to global energy conservation and emission reduction."
X. High-speed railway train operation dynamic effect test system (iHSRT)
The high-speed railway train runs at a high speed, close to or exceeds the wave propagation speed of the subgrade soil. The vibration generated by the train operation cannot propagate in time to trigger the shock phenomenon and the Mach effect, resulting in excessive vibration and cyclic accumulation settlement of the subgrade, affecting train safety and Ride comfort. It is of great scientific significance and engineering value to study the dynamic effects of line subgrade caused by high-speed train operation under controlled conditions in the laboratory.
The team of Academician Chen Yunmin, led by Professor Bian Xuecheng from Zhejiang University, invented the world's first high-speed railway train dynamics test device. The device converts the train running load into a vertical dynamic load acting on a series of sleepers, and realizes the high-speed movement of the train wheel axle to load the roadbed by precisely controlling the loading phase difference of the adjacent exciter. The whole test system consists of a train running load shaker array, a load control system, a full scale line model and a test system, with a maximum speed of 360km/h. The core technology has won 2 US invention patents and 8 Chinese invention patents.
Using the system, the Mach effect of the saturated subgrade and the dynamic soil arching effect of the pile-supported subgrade are found, which reveals the dynamic stress amplification effect along the depth of the high railway foundation, the attenuation along the depth, the cyclic accumulation settlement law and the excessive settlement. Mechanism. Based on this, the method of evaluation, control and repair of subgrade accumulative settlement is proposed, and it has been successfully applied to more than 10 high-speed rail and subway projects on soft soil foundation, and has achieved remarkable social and economic benefits. The results published 10 papers in international authoritative journals, and the papers published in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering were named "Most Cited Articles".
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