1. Technical points
The whole process of mechanization, high yield and high efficiency of corn production includes the steps of land preparation, sowing, irrigation, cultivating, plant protection and harvesting. Among them, pre-sowing arable land, irrigation, cultivating, and plant protection can be used for general mechanical operations. The operation of mechanization of corn production is mainly the two major aspects of corn machine broadcasting and machine harvesting.
(1) Site selection and land preparation. The land with fertile soil, good irrigation and drainage should be selected. In areas with flat terrain, no-till sowing can be carried out according to the technical points and operating rules of conservation tillage, or shallow or shallow rotation can be carried out by using tools such as disc harrows and rotary tillers. Deep pine technology can be used for deep loosening technology, generally with a deep depth of 25 to 28 cm. In the small field in the mountains, you can use the tiller to cultivate.
(2) Sowing. 1 Selection, in order to adapt to the mechanized production of corn, we should try to choose the dense-tolerant varieties, and select the seeds before sowing, remove the damaged grains, diseased grains and miscellaneous grains, improve the quality of the seeds, and conditionally use the seeds for seed dressing. The effect of controlling underground pests, seedling pests and corn smut is good. 2 Machine-casting and direct-casting corn mainly adopts a small amount of corn-staining machine. It is recommended to use a multi-process such as sowing, fertilizing and spraying herbicides to complete the planter once. The sowing depth should be determined according to soil moisture and climatic conditions during sowing, suitable for sowing depth of 3 to 5 cm. The adjustment of corn row spacing mainly considers the local planting specifications and management needs, and also considers the adaptation line spacing requirements of the corn combine harvester. For example, the planting row spacing required by the general suspended corn combine harvester is 55-77 cm (standard ridge distance 60~) 65 cm best). It can also adopt no-till live broadcast technology. In the field after wheat harvesting, direct seeding with corn direct seeding machine, line spacing 60 cm, plant spacing 15.2-28.8 cm, seeding amount 1.5-2.5 kg/mu, depth 3~5 cm, can guarantee Miao Qi, Miao Quan, to achieve savings and efficiency.
(3) cultivating and topdressing. According to the surface weeds and soil moisture, timely tillage, the first cultivating in the corn seedling crops after the line is carried out, generally cultivating 2 times, the main purpose is loose soil, conservation, weeding, topdressing, trenching, soil. The first time of cultivating is not to pull the ditch, not to plant the seedlings, and the seedling belt is 10 to 12 cm. For this reason, the speed must be strictly controlled, generally slow. The second and third cultivating nursery belts are widened in turn, generally 12 to 14 cm, and the depth of cultivating is deepened in turn. The first pass is 12 to 14 cm, the second pass is 14 to 16 cm, and the third pass is 16 to 18 cm. The fertilization technique can be applied in a layered fertilization technique, applying 45-60 kg per mu, the depth of fertilization is generally 10-25 cm, and the minimum horizontal spacing between the seed bed and the fertilizer bed is more than 5 cm. The back cover is compacted after sowing. The cultivator is generally a micro tillage machine or a multi-row cultivator, a cultivating and top dressing machine.
(4) Mechanized prevention and control technology of corn and cordyceps. The mechanized prevention and control technology of corn pests and weeds is a mechanization technology with the main content of sprayed medicine by motorized sprayer. At present, there are many types of plant protection machines, and depending on the situation, a backpack-type motorized sprayer, a power sprayer, a sprayer sprayer, a wind-driven sprayer, an agricultural aircraft or an unmanned plant protection machine can be selected. Spraying acetochlor to control grass damage before germination of corn; spraying early-stage granules at the seedling stage (around the five-leaf stage) with a systemic agent such as monocrotophos to control the locusts and mites, and control the damage of virus diseases; In the middle and late growth stages, pesticides such as triazolone and Le Shiben were used to control diseases and insect pests such as corn size spot disease and corn borer.
(5) Harvest mechanization. At present, corn combined harvesting machines with more applications have two types: picking type and picking and threshing type. There are two types of ear-type hanging corn combine harvester and wheat combine harvester, which can be used for picking, collecting ear, self-unloading and straw returning in one operation. The picking and threshing type corn harvester is based on the wheat combine harvester and is equipped with corn harvesting and threshing parts to realize full feeding and harvesting of corn, and one-time operation of threshing, washing, assembling, self-unloading and crushing straw.
2, matters needing attention
(1) Agronomy and agricultural machinery synergy. At present, the mechanization of corn harvesting in our province is slow, and there are reasons for product technology, manufacturing and use, but it is largely restricted by varieties and cultivation systems. Variety selection, planting density and plant spacing should be matched with the machinery selected.
(2) Appropriate harvesting of planned operations. The corn harvest should be harvested as much as possible after the grain is matured for 3 to 5 days, so that the corn is more full and the water content of the ear is low, which is beneficial to the peeling operation. 10 to 15 days before harvest, in response to the lodging degree, planting density and row spacing of the corn, the sag of the ear, the minimum height of the ear, etc., make a field survey and plan the operation in advance; 3 to 5 days in advance, on the field The ditches and ridges in the middle shall be leveled, and the signs such as wells and poles shall be installed without obvious obstacles for the purpose of safe operation; the trial harvest shall be carried out before the operation, and the equipment shall be adjusted to meet the agronomic requirements before the official operation can be carried out; Before, properly adjust the gap between the picking rolls (or the ear board) to reduce the grain breakage; during the operation, pay attention to the smoothness of the spike lifting process to avoid jamming and clogging; observe the fullness of the ear box at any time, and dump it in time. Ears, in order to avoid the phenomenon of jamming when overflowing or unloading grain; correctly adjust the working height of the straw returning machine to ensure that the stubble height is less than 10 cm, so as to avoid soiling and damage of the returning tool; if installing the debarking machine, make sure In addition to the depth of the boring tool, the depth of the mites is kept consistent to ensure the quality of the work.
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