Abstract : Silage is rich in nutrients, and China's crop is rich in orange stalks. A good feed silage can provide favorable conditions for the development of China's livestock industry, through the principles, equipment, and methods of feed silage, and feeding of feed. The detailed discussion of the feeding method aims to provide a reference for feed silage researchers.
1 The principle of silage
The principle of silage is to produce anaerobic fermentation under appropriate conditions to produce an acidic environment and inhibit the proliferation of harmful microorganisms, so as to achieve the purpose of preserving the feed. In order to satisfy the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria, in addition to ensuring anaerobic and moisture conditions, certain soluble sugars (8% to 10% of feed dry matter) are also required. Therefore, many sugar-containing materials such as corn stalks and grasses are easily silaged, whereas if straws and wheat straws are used, silage is difficult to succeed. For rice straw, wheat straw, etc., soluble sugar can be added for silage.
Silage has a wide range of raw materials. Generally, it can be used for silage in grass crops, leguminous crops, roots, tubers, and aquatic feeds and leaves. The most commonly used silage material is corn that is used for silage (with spikes), followed by corn stalks, sorghum stalks, and sweet potato vines after the ear is removed.
2 Silage equipment
a. Silage Combine Harvester includes haulage silage harvester and self-propelled silage harvester (matching tall stalk, dwarf harvester and picker).
b. Silage transport equipment can be divided into simple transport trailers and parallel dump trucks.
c. Storage equipment The equipment for the storage of storage towers includes green feeders, compactors and feeders; the equipment for storage of plastic bags includes bagging machines and feeders.
3 General silage preparation method
3.1 Silage
a. Silage Tower Silage towers are mostly brick cylinders with a diameter of several meters and a height of one to twenty meters. Silage tower feeding with a hair dryer, reclaimer also has special machinery, one-time investment is higher.
b. Round or rectangular silo, rectangular. The permanent silo is built with concrete, and the semi-permanent silo is just a pit. The location where the pit is to be built is to select a place where the groundwater level is low, where drying and drainage are easy.
c. silage silage silage is a long strip of trench, the ends of the trench have a certain degree of slope, the bottom of the trench and the sides of the wall with a concrete block. Silage pods are more convenient for large-scale mechanized operations.
d. Silage stacks a dry, flat surface, is covered with plastic sheeting, and then the silage is unloaded onto a plastic sheet and piled. After the silage is compacted, it is covered with a plastic cloth and tightly packed with sand and soil. The top of the plastic cloth is tightly pressed with old tires or sandbags to prevent the plastic cloth from being lifted by the wind.
e. Silage bag storage method is simple, storage location is flexible, and feeding is convenient. Should pay attention to the use of: plastic sheet thickness of 0.12 mm or more; can not use recycled plastic; pay attention to rats.
f. Bale silage is mainly used for grass silage. The method is to harvest and forage the fresh pasture into big round straw bales, put them into plastic bags and fasten the bags to make high-quality silage.
3.2 Water content of raw materials
Silage materials can only guarantee good fermentation and reduce dry matter loss and nutrient material loss when the moisture content is appropriate. The moisture content is preferably 50% to 70%, and 65% is the best. Usually a relatively simple method can be used to make a rough decision: grab a sample of the cut and chopped silage crop, hold it tight for 1 min in one hand, then loosen it, if it can squeeze juice, the moisture content must be greater than 75 %; grass ball can maintain its shape but no juice water, then the moisture content is 70% to 75%; grass ball is elastic and slowly spread, the moisture content is 55% to 65%; grass ball immediately dispersed, then water The rate is about 55%; if pasture has begun to break, the moisture content is already below 55%.
According to the raw material moisture content, silage can be divided into high moisture silage, wilting silage and semi-dry silage. 1 High-hydration silage, silage raw material moisture content of more than 70%, is generally a direct harvest and storage of silage. 2 wilting silage, silage raw material moisture content of 60% to 70%, is to cut off the pasture or forage crops in the field after proper drying, then pick up, chopped, into the cell silage. 3 Semi-dry silage, mainly used for pasture (especially forage legumes), is to cut the forage to dry in the field to a moisture content of 40% to 60%, and then pick up, chop, compaction and storage.
3.3 Short cut, compaction, sealing
The ideal chopped length is: high watery pasture silage 6.5-25.0 mm; semi-dry grass silage 6.5 mm or so; corn silage 6.5-13.0 mm, rough material can be shorter, fine soft material can be slightly longer.
3.4 Silage Additives
In silage, adding appropriate additives can improve the success rate of silage and the quality of silage. Commonly used silage additives include microorganisms, acids, preservatives, and nutritive substances.
a. Ammonia and urea Ammonia water and urea are suitable for silage corn, sorghum and other cereal crops. After the addition, the crude protein content of green feed can be increased, and the growth of aerobic microorganisms can be suppressed without adverse effects on appetite and digestive function of ruminant livestock. The amount of urea used for silage is generally 0.3% to 0.5% of the quality of silage.
b. Formic acid formate is a very good organic acid protectant, which can inhibit the activity of Bacillus and Gram-positive bacteria and reduce feed nutrient loss. Silage made from 1% to 2% formic acid has a bright green color and a strong aroma. The daily gain of cows and burdock can be significantly increased.
c. Dilute sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid are added to the mixture of dilute sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid to rapidly kill the bacteria in the silage and reduce the pH of the silage; the silage can be softened to facilitate the digestion and absorption of livestock; The silage is allowed to sink quickly and is easily compacted to increase the storage capacity; the silage can be stopped to breathe quickly, thereby increasing the success rate of silage. Addition method: Use 30% hydrochloric acid 92 parts and 40% sulfuric acid 8 parts to make the original solution. When using, the original solution should be diluted with water at the ratio of 1:4, and 50-60 kg of diluent should be added per ton of silage.
d. Formaldehyde Formaldehyde can inhibit the activities of various microorganisms in the silage process. After the addition of formaldehyde to the silage, there was little activity of spoilage bacteria in the fermentation process, and the amount of ammonia nitrogen and total lactic acid in the silage decreased significantly. The amount of formaldehyde is generally 0.7% of the mass of the silage. This additive is best suited for the silage of young plant stems and leaves with high moisture content.
e. Table salt For silage with low water content, coarse texture, and difficult to exudate cell liquid, adding salt can promote the exudation of cell fluid, which is beneficial to the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria. Adding salt can also destroy certain toxins and increase feed palatability. The amount of salt added is 0.3% to 0.5% of the quality of the silage.
f. Live dry bacteria Adding live dried bacteria to treat straw can make lignin and fiber in the straw enzymatically hydrolyze, make the straw soft, decrease the pH value, inhibit the activity of harmful bacteria, increase the content of sugar and organic acid, and increase the digestibility. . The dosage is 3g of live dried bacteria per ton of straw. Before treatment, firstly pour 3 g of viable bacteria into 2 kg of water and dissolve them completely. Place them at room temperature for 1 to 2 h, then pour them into 0.8% to 1.0% saline, and mix them evenly during micro-storage. To the straw, after the conventional treatment.
3.5 Silage Quality Assessment
a. High quality silage is very close to the original color of the crop. If the crop before silage is green, silage is still green or yellow-green.
b. Silages of good odor quality generally have a slight sourness and fruit aroma, similar to freshly cut bread and cigarette flavors (due to the presence of lactic acid).
c. The structure of the plant (stems, leaves, etc.) should be clearly identifiable. Structural damage and stickiness are signs of severe silting.
3.6 Factors Affecting the Quality of Silage
Many factors such as moisture content, sugar content, and sealing degree of the silage material will affect the quality of the silage. Even if the same raw material is harvested at different times, its nutrient content will be different, resulting in different qualities of silage.
4 Silage feeding methods
4.1 Open cellar
Silage can be opened in the cellar in 40 to 60 days. Open cellar time is suitable for low temperature and value of lack of grass. Before opening the cellar, the cover soil during the cellaring should be removed to prevent it from being contaminated with the silage. It is required to open the cellar in sections, and from the top to the bottom, stratify the grass, never fully open it, prevent exposure to sunlight, rain and freezing, and strictly prohibit the use of grasses to remove grass from caves and seal the cellar after taking the grass. Pay attention to drainage and identify the quality of silage. If the quality is normal, the wine will have a sour taste, yellow-green color, and can be fed; if the spoilage is corrupt, there will be odor, the texture is dry, loose, or sticks into pieces and should not be fed to prevent poisoning. When taking the material, if the interval between feeds is longer, the silo must be sealed and sealed according to the original method.
4.2 Feeding
Silage is a high-quality, juicy feed. After a short period of training, all livestock prefer to feed. For individual animals, the feeding method can be fed with silage at the time of fasting, feeding less initially, increasing gradually, and then feeding the fodder; or mixing the silage with the concentrate before feeding and then feeding the other fodder; or adding the silage Straw and fodder mix and feed at the same time. (008)
Yonglejian Heilongjiang Provincial Advance Farm, Heilongjiang Tongjiang 156331
Zhang Baoku Harbin Institute of Agricultural Mechanization
Li Xiangjun Harbin Institute of Agricultural Mechanization
Wu Jia'an Harbin Institute of Agricultural Mechanization
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